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. 2017 Jul 21:8:2041731417719170.
doi: 10.1177/2041731417719170. eCollection 2017 Jan-Dec.

Bioactive calcium phosphate-based glasses and ceramics and their biomedical applications: A review

Md Towhidul Islam  1 , Reda M Felfel  1   2 , Ensanya A Abou Neel  3   4   5 , David M Grant  1 , Ifty Ahmed  1 , Kazi M Zakir Hossain  1
Affiliations

Bioactive calcium phosphate-based glasses and ceramics and their biomedical applications: A review

Md Towhidul Islam et al. J Tissue Eng. .

Abstract

An overview of the formation of calcium phosphate under in vitro environment on the surface of a range of bioactive materials (e.g. from silicate, borate, and phosphate glasses, glass-ceramics, bioceramics to metals) based on recent literature is presented in this review. The mechanism of bone-like calcium phosphate (i.e. hydroxyapatite) formation and the test protocols that are either already in use or currently being investigated for the evaluation of the bioactivity of biomaterials are discussed. This review also highlights the effect of chemical composition and surface charge of materials, types of medium (e.g. simulated body fluid, phosphate-buffered saline and cell culture medium) and test parameters on their bioactivity performance. Finally, a brief summary of the biomedical applications of these newly formed calcium phosphate (either in the form of amorphous or apatite) is presented.

Keywords: In vitro; bioactivity; calcium phosphate; ceramic; glass.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of conflicting interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Compositional diagram representing the bone-bonding properties of bioactive glasses. Adapted with permission from Hench.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Schematic illustration of the reaction mechanism of HCA formation on the surface of silicate based bioglass according to Hench and colleagues., Adapted with permission from Gunawidjaja et al.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Schematic illustration of the mechanisms of conversion of borate (3B: B2O3-46.1, CaO-26.9, Na2O-24.4, P2O5-2.6 in mol%) glass and 45S5 (0B: SiO2-46.1, CaO-26.9, Na2O-24.4, P2O5-2.6 in mol%) glass to HA in a dilute phosphate solution. Adapted with permission from Huang et al.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
SEM images showing the reaction products for (a) silicate and (b) borate glasses after immersion in dilute K2HPO4 solution (20 mM). Adapted with permission from Huang et al.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Schematic of ion adsorption on (a) positively charged and (b) negatively charged Ti metal in SBF medium. Adapted with permission from Pattanayak et al.
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Examples of biomedical applications of CaP based materials (e.g. β-tricalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate dehydrate, tricalcium phosphate and calcium apatite) used in form of coating for hip prostheses and dental screws, porous bone graft, bone cements and pastes. Adapted with permission from Dorozhkin et al.
Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Examples of additive manufactured implants based on CaP; (a) 3D scaffolds of DCPA/monetite (scale bar: 5 mm), Adapted with permission from Butscher et al. (b) implant made of DCPA for treatment of cranial bone defects (Craniomosaic). DCPA is dicalcium phosphate. Adapted with permission from Habraken et al.
Figure 8.
Figure 8.
CaP nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery applications; (a) CaP nanorods paste containing DNA encoding fro BMP-7 and VEGF-A for repairing bone defect, Adapted with permission from Chernousova et al. (b) multi-shell design of CaP nanoparticles loaded with antigen and TLR ligand. Adapted with permission from Sokolova et al.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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