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Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2017 Nov;11(6):511-517.
doi: 10.1111/irv.12474. Epub 2017 Aug 30.

The efficacy of medical masks and respirators against respiratory infection in healthcare workers

Chandini Raina MacIntyre  1   2 , Abrar Ahmad Chughtai  1 , Bayzidur Rahman  1 , Yang Peng  3 , Yi Zhang  3 , Holly Seale  1 , Xiaoli Wang  3 , Quanyi Wang  3
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

The efficacy of medical masks and respirators against respiratory infection in healthcare workers

Chandini Raina MacIntyre et al. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2017 Nov.

Abstract

Objective: We aimed to examine the efficacy of medical masks and respirators in protecting against respiratory infections using pooled data from two homogenous randomised control clinical trials (RCTs).

Methods: The data collected on 3591 subjects in two similar RCTs conducted in Beijing, China, which examined the same infection outcomes, were pooled. Four interventions were compared: (i) continuous N95 respirator use, (ii) targeted N95 respirator use, (iii) medical mask use and (iv) control arm. The outcomes were laboratory-confirmed viral respiratory infection, influenza A or B, laboratory-confirmed bacterial colonisation and pathogens grouped by mode of transmission.

Results: Rates of all outcomes were consistently lower in the continuous N95 and/or targeted N95 arms. In adjusted analysis, rates of laboratory-confirmed bacterial colonisation (RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.21-0.51), laboratory-confirmed viral infections (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.23-0.91) and droplet-transmitted infections (RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.16-0.42) were significantly lower in the continuous N95 arm. Laboratory-confirmed influenza was also lowest in the continuous N95 arm (RR 0.34, 95% CI 0.10-1.11), but the difference was not statistically significant. Rates of laboratory-confirmed bacterial colonisation (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.33-0.87) and droplet-transmitted infections (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.25-0.72) were also lower in the targeted N95 arm, but not in medical mask arm.

Conclusion: The results suggest that the classification of infections into droplet versus airborne transmission is an oversimplification. Most guidelines recommend masks for infections spread by droplets. N95 respirators, as "airborne precautions," provide superior protection for droplet-transmitted infections. To ensure the occupational health and safety of healthcare worker, the superiority of respirators in preventing respiratory infections should be reflected in infection control guidelines.

Keywords: droplet infections; healthcare workers; influenza; masks; medical masks; respirators.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Rate of infections reported in HCWs in the different arms from Trials 1 and 2
Figure 2
Figure 2
Forest plot of outcomes according to various interventions
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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