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Review
. 2017 Sep 3;36(5):287-299.
doi: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1347649. Epub 2017 Aug 11.

MicroRNA mediated regulation of immunity against gram-negative bacteria

Jonathon Keck  1 , Rishein Gupta  1 , Lane K Christenson  2 , Bernard P Arulanandam  1
Affiliations
Review

MicroRNA mediated regulation of immunity against gram-negative bacteria

Jonathon Keck et al. Int Rev Immunol. .

Abstract

Evidence over the last couple decades has comprehensively established that short, highly conserved, non-coding RNA species called microRNA (miRNA) exhibit the ability to regulate expression and function of host genes at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level. MicroRNAs play key regulatory roles in immune cell development, differentiation, and protective function. Intrinsic host immune response to invading pathogens rely on intricate orchestrated events in the development of innate and adaptive arms of immunity. We discuss the involvement of miRNAs in regulating these processes against gram negative pathogens in this review.

Keywords: Bacteria; gram negative; host immunity; microRNAs.

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Conflict of interest statement

DISCLOSURE

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.. A generic model for post-transcriptional miRNA expression.
Full length pri-microRNA (pri-miRNA) containing a stem-loop structure initially transcribed by RNA polymerase II is cleaved by the microprocessor complex. Pre-miRNA transported out of the nucleus by Exportin 5 (Exp5) and identified by Dicer. Cleavage of pre-miRNA hairpin loop structure by Dicer leaves a mature double-stranded miRNA approximately 22 nucleotide in length. Argonaute (AGO2) preferentially loads one strand into microRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC) which blocks translation or increases mRNA degradation.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.. Role of microRNA (miR) in regulating Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling.
a. TLR signaling pathway. TLR families share similar signaling components, including MyD88, IRAK (IL-1R associated kinase),TRAF6 (TNF receptor-associated factor 6), and TAK1 (TGF-β-activated kinase). Activation leads to MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) translocation into the nucleus, targeting gene expression. b. Working model for miR mediated control of LPS-TLR4 signaling network.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.. Role of microRNA (miR) in regulating Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling.
a. TLR signaling pathway. TLR families share similar signaling components, including MyD88, IRAK (IL-1R associated kinase),TRAF6 (TNF receptor-associated factor 6), and TAK1 (TGF-β-activated kinase). Activation leads to MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) translocation into the nucleus, targeting gene expression. b. Working model for miR mediated control of LPS-TLR4 signaling network.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.. CD4+ T cell differentiation mediated by microRNA.
MiRNA regulates lineage determination and differentiation by fine-tuning signal strength, duration, and cytokine expression following gram-negative bacterial infection.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.. Gram-negative host miRNA immune regulation working model.
Representation of miRNA regulation following commitment of cell lineage in response to gram-negative bacteria infection. Hematopoetic stem cells (HSC); common myeloid progenitor (CMP); and common lymphoid progenitor (CLP).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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