The Evaluation of Cases with Y-Chromosome Gonadal Dysgenesis: Clinical Experience over 18 Years

Abstract

Objective: Y-chromosome gonadal dysgenesis (GD) is a rare subgroup of disorders of sexual development (DSD) which results from underdeveloped testis and may exhibit heterogenous symptoms. These patients are phenotypically classified into two groups - complete and partial, and their karyotypic description is either 46,XY GD or 45,X/46,XY GD. In this study; we aimed to evaluate the characteristics of cases with Y-chromosome GD.

Methods: Thirty eight cases were followed-up between 1998 and 2016. The age of admission ranged between 0 and 17 years. Clinical and laboratory findings as well as follow-up characteristics of the cases were evaluated retrospectively from the patient files.

Results: There were 26 cases (four complete, 22 partial) in the 46,XY GD group, and 12 cases (four complete, 8 patients with complete GD in the 45,X/46,XY. Mean age at admission was 6.2±4.6 years for all cases. Patients with complete GD in the 45,X/46,XY GD group were diagnosed earlier that the patients with complete GD in the 46,XY group [11 years vs. 14.31 years of age (p<0.01)]. There were no additional findings in 55% of all patients. In the remaining 45% additional clinical findings, mainly short stature, were detected in 75% of the patients in the 45,X/46,XY GD and 30% of the patients in the 46,XY GD groups. All patients with complete 46,XY and 45,X/46,XY GD were raised as females. There was no gender dysphoria in patients that were raised as females, except for one case. Gonadectomy was performed in 14 patients, at a mean age of 8.75±2.3 years and pathological assessment of the gonads was reported as normal in all cases.

Conclusion: Y-chromosome GD is a very heterogenous clinical and genetic disorder and requires a multifaceted approach to management. Whether including syndromic features or not, associated clinical features may lead to earlier diagnosis, especially in complete forms of GD. Due to difficulties encountered in the long-term follow-up of these patients, evaluation of appropriateness of sex of rearing decision is not truly possible. Performance of gonadectomy during the first decade appears be a preventive factor for tumor development since these tumors are usually seen during the second decade.

Keywords: 45; 46; Gonadal dysgnesis; X/46XY.; XY.

Figure 1. The distribution of patients with gonadal developmental disorders *CGD: complete gonadal dysgenesis, **PGD: partial gonadal dysgenesis, DSD: disorders of sexual development, GD: gonadal dysgenesis