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. 2017 Sep-Oct;65(5):515-529.
doi: 10.1016/j.outlook.2017.06.006. Epub 2017 Jun 16.

Determinants of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: A scoping review of the evidence

Ann Kolanowski  1 , Marie Boltz  2 , Elizabeth Galik  3 , Laura N Gitlin  4 , Helen C Kales  5 , Barbara Resnick  3 , Kimberly S Van Haitsma  6 , Amy Knehans  7 , Jane E Sutterlin  8 , Justine S Sefcik  9 , Wen Liu  10 , Darina V Petrovsky  9 , Lauren Massimo  2 , Andrea Gilmore-Bykovskyi  11 , Margaret MacAndrew  12 , Glenna Brewster  13 , Vycki Nalls  14 , Ying-Ling Jao  2 , Naomi Duffort  15 , Danny Scerpella  16
Affiliations

Determinants of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: A scoping review of the evidence

Ann Kolanowski et al. Nurs Outlook. 2017 Sep-Oct.

Abstract

Background: Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are prevalent in people with neurodegenerative diseases.

Purpose: In this scoping review the Kales, Gitlin and Lykestos framework is used to answer the question: What high quality evidence exists for the patient, caregiver and environmental determinants of five specific BPSD: aggression, agitation, apathy, depression and psychosis?

Method: An a priori review protocol was developed; 692 of 6013 articles retrieved in the search were deemed eligible for review. Gough's Weight of Evidence Framework and the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias were used. The findings from 56 high quality/low bias articles are summarized.

Discussion: Each symptom had its own set of determinants, but many were common across several symptoms: neurodegeneration, type of dementia, severity of cognitive impairments, and declining functional abilities, and to a lesser extent, caregiver burden and communication.

Conclusion: Research and policy implications are relevant to the National Plan to Address Alzheimer's Disease.

Keywords: Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia; Determinants; Scoping review.

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Figures

Figure 1 —
Figure 1 —
Theoretical framework. Reproduced from Kales et al. (2015) with permission from BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.
Figure 2 —
Figure 2 —
Flowchart of article selection process.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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