Evaluation of Simulated Ventilation Techniques With the Upright and Conventional Self-Inflating Neonatal Resuscitators

Abstract

Background: The study assessed the impact of simulated ventilation techniques using upright and conventional self-inflating neonatal resuscitators on delivered tidal volume (V_T) and pressure.

Methods: We analyzed videos of participants ventilating a manikin using an upright (upright, n = 33) and a conventional resuscitator (conventional, n = 32) under normal and low lung compliance. Mask hold, number of fingers squeezing the bag, and degree of bag squeeze were compared with V_T and peak inspiratory pressure (PIP).

Results: V_T and PIP values were higher when using the upright resuscitator than when using the conventional resuscitator. With low compliance, differences in V_T were insignificant except with the use of the OK/C hold, (upright, 29.6 ± 4.0 mL, vs conventional, 24.8 ± 6.0 mL, P = .02). PIP was significantly higher when using the upright resuscitator with the OK hold (upright, 36.3 ± 4.4 mL, vs conventional, 30.3 ± 6.6 mL, P = .009) and when the bag was squeezed by more than half (upright, 33.8 ± 16.3 mL, vs conventional, 29.3 ± 9.5 mL, P = .046). With normal compliance, V_T was high with both resuscitators, being significantly higher when using the upright resuscitator with the OK hold (upright, 64.3 ± 9.5 mL, vs conventional, 45.8 ± 9.4 mL; P < .001), and when the bag was squeezed using more than 2 fingers (upright, 58.0 ± 17.2 mL, vs conventional, 45.7 ± 12.6 mL, P = .01) and by more than half (upright, 58.7 ± 16.6 mL, vs conventional, 45.8 ± 12.2 mL, P = .004). PIP, too, was significantly higher when using the upright resuscitator with the OK hold (upright, 29.3 ± 3.5 mL, vs conventional, 21.5 ± 4.0 mL, P = <.001) and when the bag was squeezed using more than 2 fingers (upright, 27.2 ± 7.0 mL, vs conventional, 21.6 ± 5.7 mL, P = .005), and by more than half (upright, 27.6 ± 6.6 mL, vs conventional, 21.7 ± 5.4 mL, P = .001).

Conclusions: Improved mask design, larger bag volume, and upright orientation of the upright resuscitator likely contributed to higher V_T and PIP. However, high V_T was observed with both resuscitators, possibly due to excessive squeezing of the bag, especially during low compliance. Thus, the design of the resuscitator and manner in which the device is utilized can both significantly influence the V_T and PIP attained.

Keywords: capacity building; compliance; health care providers; infant; newborn; peak inspiratory pressure; respiratory care; resuscitation; tidal volume; training.