Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2017 Aug 24;8(8):CD005051.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005051.pub3.

Whole grain cereals for the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease

Sarah Am Kelly  1 , Louise Hartley, Emma Loveman, Jill L Colquitt, Helen M Jones, Lena Al-Khudairy, Christine Clar, Roberta Germanò, Hannah R Lunn, Gary Frost, Karen Rees
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Whole grain cereals for the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease

Sarah Am Kelly et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: There is evidence from observational studies that whole grains can have a beneficial effect on risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Earlier versions of this review found mainly short-term intervention studies. There are now longer-term randomised controlled trials (RCTs) available. This is an update and expansion of the original review conducted in 2007.

Objectives: The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effect of whole grain foods or diets on total mortality, cardiovascular events, and cardiovascular risk factors (blood lipids, blood pressure) in healthy people or people who have established cardiovascular disease or related risk factors, using all eligible RCTs.

Search methods: We searched CENTRAL (Issue 8, 2016) in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (1946 to 31 August 2016), Embase (1980 to week 35 2016), and CINAHL Plus (1937 to 31 August 2016) on 31 August 2016. We also searched ClinicalTrials.gov on 5 July 2017 and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) on 6 July 2017. We checked reference lists of relevant articles and applied no language restrictions.

Selection criteria: We selected RCTs assessing the effects of whole grain foods or diets containing whole grains compared to foods or diets with a similar composition, over a minimum of 12 weeks, on cardiovascular disease and related risk factors. Eligible for inclusion were healthy adults, those at increased risk of CVD, or those previously diagnosed with CVD.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently selected studies. Data were extracted and quality-checked by one review author and checked by a second review author. A second review author checked the analyses. We assessed treatment effect using mean difference in a fixed-effect model and heterogeneity using the I2 statistic and the Chi2 test of heterogeneity. We assessed the overall quality of evidence using GRADE with GRADEpro software.

Main results: We included nine RCTs randomising a total of 1414 participants (age range 24 to 70; mean age 45 to 59, where reported) to whole grain versus lower whole grain or refined grain control groups. We found no studies that reported the effect of whole grain diets on total cardiovascular mortality or cardiovascular events (total myocardial infarction, unstable angina, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, total stroke). All included studies reported the effect of whole grain diets on risk factors for cardiovascular disease including blood lipids and blood pressure. All studies were in primary prevention populations and had an unclear or high risk of bias, and no studies had an intervention duration greater than 16 weeks.Overall, we found no difference between whole grain and control groups for total cholesterol (mean difference 0.07, 95% confidence interval -0.07 to 0.21; 6 studies (7 comparisons); 722 participants; low-quality evidence).Using GRADE, we assessed the overall quality of the available evidence on cholesterol as low. Four studies were funded by independent national and government funding bodies, while the remaining studies reported funding or partial funding by organisations with commercial interests in cereals.

Authors' conclusions: There is insufficient evidence from RCTs of an effect of whole grain diets on cardiovascular outcomes or on major CVD risk factors such as blood lipids and blood pressure. Trials were at unclear or high risk of bias with small sample sizes and relatively short-term interventions, and the overall quality of the evidence was low. There is a need for well-designed, adequately powered RCTs with longer durations assessing cardiovascular events as well as cardiovascular risk factors.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

SK: None known.

LH: None known.

EL: None known.

JC: None known.

HJ: None known.

LA: None known.

CC: None known.

RG: None known.

HL: None known.

GF: None of the relationships described are felt to be a conflict of interest regarding this publication. Consultancy for appetite regulation with Unilever; grant application to Nestle on modified cereal fibre and glycaemic control (awaiting outcome); patent on compounds and their effects on appetite control and insulin sensitivity (WO2014020344 A1).

KR: None known.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram for updated searches 2016.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Whole grain versus control, Outcome 1: Body weight change (kg)
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Whole grain versus control, Outcome 2: BMI change
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Whole grain versus control, Outcome 3: Total cholesterol change (mmol/L)
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Whole grain versus control, Outcome 4: LDL cholesterol change (mmol/L)
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Whole grain versus control, Outcome 5: HDL cholesterol change (mmol/L)
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Whole grain versus control, Outcome 6: Triglycerides change (mmol/L)
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Whole grain versus control, Outcome 7: Systolic blood pressure change (mmHg)
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Whole grain versus control, Outcome 8: Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Brownlee 2010 {published data only}
    1. Brownlee IA, Moore C, Chatfield M, Richardson DP, Ashby P, Kuznesof SA, et al. Markers of cardiovascular risk are not changed by increased whole-grain intake: the WHOLEheart study, a randomised, controlled dietary intervention. British Journal of Nutrition 2010;104(1):125-34. - PMC - PubMed
Giacco 2013 {published data only}
    1. Giacco R, Costabile G, Della Pepa G, Anniballi G, Griffo E, Mangione A, et al. A whole-grain cereal-based diet lowers postprandial plasma insulin and triglyceride levels in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 2014;24(8):837-44. - PubMed
    1. Giacco R, Lappi J, Costabile G, Kolehmainen M, Schwab U, Landberg R, et al. Effects of rye and whole wheat versus refined cereal foods on metabolic risk factors: a randomised controlled two-centre intervention study. Clinical Nutrition 2013;32:941-9. - PubMed
    1. Vetrani C, Costabile G, Luongo D, Naviglio D, Rivellese AA, Riccardi G, et al. Effects of whole-grain cereal foods on plasma short chain fatty acid concentrations in individuals with the metabolic syndrome. Nutrition 2016;32(2):217-21. - PubMed
Harris 2014 {published data only}
    1. Harris JK, West SG, Vanden Heuvel JP, Jonnalagadda SS, Ross AB, Hill AM, et al. Effects of whole and refined grains in a weight loss diet on markers of metabolic syndrome in individuals with increased waist circumference: a randomized controlled feeding trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2014;100:577-86. - PMC - PubMed
Katcher 2008 {published data only}
    1. Katcher HI, Legro RS, Kunselman AR, Gillies PJ, Demers LM, Bagshaw DM, et al. The effects of a whole grain-enriched hypocaloric diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in men and women with metabolic syndrome. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008;87(1):79-90. - PubMed
Kristensen 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kristensen M, Toubro S, Jensen MG, Ross AB, Riboldi G, Petronio M, et al. Whole grain compared with refined wheat decreases the percentage of body fat following a 12-week, energy-restricted dietary intervention in postmenopausal women. Journal of Nutrition 2012;142(4):710-6. - PubMed
Lankinen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Lankinen M, Kolehmainen M, Jääskeläinen T, Paananen J, Joukamo L, Kangas AJ, et al. Effects of whole grain, fish and bilberries on serum metabolic profile and lipid transfer protein activities: a randomized trial (Sysdimet). PLoS ONE 2014;9(2):e90352. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lankinen M, Schwab U, Kolehmainen M, Paananen J, Poutanen K, Mykkänen H, et al. Whole grain products, fish and bilberries alter glucose and lipid metabolism in a randomized, controlled trial: the Sysdimet study. PLoS ONE 2011;6(8):e22646. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00573781. Dietary modulation of gene expression and metabolic pathways in glucose metabolism (Sysdimet). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00573781 (first received 13 December 2007).
Maki 2010 {published data only}
    1. Maki KC, Beiseigel JM, Jonnalagadda SS, Gugger CK, Reeves MS, Farmer MV, et al. Whole-grain ready-to-eat oat cereal, as part of a dietary program for weight loss, reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in adults with overweight and obesity more than a dietary program including low-fiber control foods. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2010;110(2):205-14. - PubMed
Tighe 2010‐W {published data only}
    1. Tighe P, Duthie G, Vaughan N, Brittenden J, Simpson WG, Duthie S et al. Effect of increased consumption of whole-grain foods on blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk markers in healthy middle-aged persons: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2010;92(40):733-40. - PubMed
Tighe 2010‐WO {published data only}
    1. Tighe P, Duthie G, Vaughan N, Brittenden J, Simpson WG, Duthie S et al. Effect of increased consumption of whole-grain foods on blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk markers in healthy middle-aged persons: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2010;40:733-40. - PubMed
Zhang 2011 {published data only}
    1. Zhang G, Pan A, Zong G, Yu Z, Wu H, Chen X, et al. Substituting white rice with brown rice for 16 weeks does not substantially affect metabolic risk factors in middle-aged Chinese men and women with diabetes or a high risk for diabetes. Journal of Nutrition 2011;141:1685-90. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abrahamsson 1994 {published data only}
    1. Abrahamsson L, Goranzon H, Karlstrom B, Vessby B, Aaman P. Metabolic effects of oat bran and wheat bran in healthy women. Scandinavian Journal of Nutrition/Naringsforskning 1994;38:5-10.
Ampatzoglou 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ampatzoglou A, Atwal KK, Maidens CM, Williams CL, Ross AB, Thielecke F, et al. Increased whole grain consumption does not affect blood biochemistry, body composition, or gut microbiology in healthy, low-habitual whole grain consumers. Journal of Nutrition 2015;145(2):215-21. - PubMed
Anderson 1978 {published data only}
    1. Anderson JW, Ward K. Long-term effects of high-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets on glucose and lipid metabolism: a preliminary report on patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 1978;1(2):77-82. - PubMed
Anderson 1979 {published data only}
    1. Anderson JW, Ward KW. High-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets for insulin-treated men with diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1979;32:2312-21. - PubMed
Anderson 2009 {published data only}
    1. Anderson JW, Baird P, Davis RH Jr, Ferreri S, Knudtson M, Koraym A et al. Health benefits of dietary fiber. Nutrition Reviews 2009;67(4):188-205. - PubMed
Andersson 2007 {published data only}
    1. Andersson A, Tengblad S, Karlstrom B, Kamal-Eldin A, Landberg R, Basu S et al. Whole-grain foods do not affect insulin sensitivity or markers of lipid peroxidation and inflammation in healthy, moderately overweight subjects. Journal of Nutrition 2007;137(6):1401-7. - PubMed
Asp 1981 {published data only}
    1. Asp N-G, Agardh C-D, Ahren B, Dencker I, Johansson C-G, Lundquist I, et al. Dietary fibre in Type II diabetes. Acta Medica Scandinavica 1981;Suppl 656:47-50. - PubMed
Azadbakht 2005 {published data only}
    1. Azadbakht L, Haghighatdoost F, Feizi A, Esmaillzadeh A. Breakfast eating pattern and its association with dietary quality indices and anthropometric measurements in young women in Isfahan. Nutrition 2013;29:420-5. - PubMed
Beer 2000 {published data only}
    1. Beer MU, Clayton D, Pelletier X. Cholesterol reducing effects of a food containing oat bran and soy germ in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects. Atherosclerosis 2000;151:117.
Behall 2004a {published data only}
    1. Behall KM, Scholfield DJ, Hallfrisch J. Diets containing barley significantly reduce lipids in mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004;80(5):1185-93. - PubMed
Behall 2004b {published data only}
    1. Behall KM, Scholfield DJ, Hallfrisch J. Lipids significantly reduced by diets containing barley in moderately hypercholesterolemic men. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2004;23(1):55-62. - PubMed
Behall 2006 {published data only}
    1. Behall KM, Scholfield DJ, Hallfrisch J. Whole-grain diets reduce blood pressure in mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2006;106(9):1445-9. - PubMed
Berg 2003 {published data only}
    1. Berg A, König D, Deibert P, Grathwohl D, Berg A, Baumstark MW et al. Effect of an oat bran enriched diet on the atherogenic lipid profile in patients with an increased coronary heart disease risk. A controlled randomized lifestyle intervention study. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2003;47:306-11. - PubMed
Birkeland 1991 {published data only}
    1. Birkeland KI, Gullestad L, Torsvik H. Cholesterol-lowering effect of oats. Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening 1991;111(17):2081-5. - PubMed
Birketvedt 2000 {published data only}
    1. Birketvedt GS, Auseth J, Florholmen JR, Ryttig K. Long term effect of fibre supplement and reduced energy intake on body weight and blood lipids in overweight subjects. Acta Medica 2000;43(3):129-32. - PubMed
Bodinham 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bodinham CL, Hitchen KL, Youngman PJ, Frost GS, Robertson MD. Short-term effects of whole-grain wheat on appetite and food intake in healthy adults: a pilot study. British Journal of Nutrition 2011;106(3):327-30. - PubMed
Bourdon 1999 {published data only}
    1. Bourdon I, Yokoyama W, Davis P, Hudson C, Backus R, Richter D, et al. Postprandial lipid, glucose, insulin, and cholecystokinin responses in men fed barley pasta enriched with beta-glucan. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999;69:55-63. - PubMed
Braaten 1994 {published data only}
    1. Braaten JT, Wood PJ, Scott FW, Wolynetz MS, Lowe MK, Bradley-White P et al. Oat beta-glucan reduces blood cholesterol concentration in hypercholesterolemic subjects. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;48(7):465-74. - PubMed
Brock 2006 {published data only}
    1. Brock DW, Davis CK, Irving BA, Rodriguez J, Barrett EJ, Weltman A et al. A high-carbohydrate, high-fiber meal improves endothelial function in adults with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2006;29(10):2313-5. - PubMed
Brownlee 2013 {published data only}
    1. Brownlee IA, Kuznesof SA, Moore C, Jebb SA, Seal CJ. The impact of a 16-week dietary intervention with prescribed amounts of whole-grain foods on subsequent, elective whole grain consumption. British Journal of Nutrition 2013;110(5):943-8. - PubMed
Bruce 2000 {published data only}
    1. Bruce B, Spiller GA, Klevay LM, Gallagher SK. A diet high in whole and unrefined foods favorably alters lipids, antioxidant defenses, and colon function. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2000;19(1):61-7. - PubMed
Brussaard 1981 {published data only}
    1. Brussaard JH, Raaij JM, Stasse-Wolthuis M, Katan MB, Hautvast JG. Blood pressure and diet in normotensive volunteers: absence of an effect of dietary fiber, protein, or fat. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1981;34(10):2023-9. - PubMed
Bruttomesso 1989 {published data only}
    1. Bruttomesso D, Briani G, Bilardo G, Vitale E, Lavagnini T, Marescotti C, et al. The medium-term effect of natural or extractive dietary fibres on plasma amino acids and lipids in type 1 diabetics. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 1989;6:149-55. - PubMed
Burley 1987 {published data only}
    1. Burley VJ, Leeds AR, Blundell JE. The effect of high and low-fibre breakfasts on hunger, satiety and food intake in a subsequent meal. International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders 1987;11:87-93. - PubMed
Burr 1989 {published data only}
    1. Burr ML, Gilbert JF, Holliday RM, Elwood PC, Fehily AM, Rogers S et al. Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: Diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Lancet 1989;2:757-61. - PubMed
Buyken 2000 {published data only}
    1. Buyken AE, Toeller M, Heitkamp G, Irsigler K, Holler C, Santeusanio F et al. Carbohydrate sources and glycaemic control in Type 1 diabetes mellitus. EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study Group. Diabetic Medicine 2000;17(5):351-9. - PubMed
Cairella 1995 {published data only}
    1. Cairella G, Cairella M, Marchini G. Effect of dietary fibre on weight correction after modified fasting. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995;49(Suppl 3):S325-7. - PubMed
Cara 1992 {published data only}
    1. Cara L, Armand M, Borel P, Senft M, Portugal H, Pauli AM et al. Long-term wheat germ intake beneficially affects plasma lipids and lipoproteins in hypercholesterolemic human subjects. Journal of Nutrition 1992;122:317-26. - PubMed
Carvalho‐Wells 2010 {published data only}
    1. Carvalho-Wells AL, Helmolz K, Nodet C, Molzer C, Leonard C, McKevith B et al. Determination of the in vivo prebiotic potential of a maize-based whole grain breakfast cereal: a human feeding study. British Journal of Nutrition 2010;104(9):1353-6. - PubMed
Chandalia 2000 {published data only}
    1. Chandalia M, Garg A, Lutjohann D, Von Bergman K, Grundy SM, Brinkley LJ. Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine 2000;342:1392-8. - PubMed
Chang 2013 {published data only}
    1. Chang HC, Huang CN, Yeh DM, Wang SJ, Peng CH, Wang CJ. Oat prevents obesity and abdominal fat distribution, and improves liver function in humans. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 2013;68(1):18-23. - PubMed
Charlton 2012 {published data only}
    1. Charlton KE, Tapsell LC, Batterham MJ, O'Shea J, Thorne R, Beck E et al. Effect of 6 weeks' consumption of -glucan-rich oat products on cholesterol levels in mildly hypercholesterolaemic overweight adults. British Journal of Nutrition 2012;107(7):1037-47. - PubMed
Chen 2006 {published data only}
    1. Chen J, He J, Wildman RP, Reynolds K, Streiffer RH, Whelton PK. A randomized controlled trial of dietary fiber intake on serum lipids. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006;60(1):62-8. - PubMed
Chi 2012 {published data only}
    1. Chi J, Zhang Q, Zhai CK, Zhang H, Han SF, Liu YQ et al. Influences of compound whole grain on oxidative stress to hyperlipidemia population. Chung-Hua Yu Fang i Hsueh Tsa Chih [Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine] 2012;46:143-7. - PubMed
Cohen 1980 {published data only}
    1. Cohen M, Leong VW, Salmon E, Martin FI. Role of guar and dietary fibre in the management of diabetes mellitus. Medical Journal of Australia 1980;1:59-61. - PubMed
Collier 1982 {published data only}
    1. Collier G, O'Dea K. Effect of physical form of carbohydrate on the postprandial glucose, insulin, and gastric inhibitory responses in type 2 diabetes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1982;36:10-4. - PubMed
Comi 1995 {published data only}
    1. Comi D, Brugnani M, Gianino A. Metabolic effects of hypocaloric high-carbohydrate/high-fibre diet in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995;49(Suppl 3):S242-4. - PubMed
Connell 1975 {published data only}
    1. Connell AM, Smith CL, Somsel M. Absence of effect of bran on blood-lipids. Lancet 1975;1:496-7. - PubMed
Connolly 2016 {published data only}
    1. Connolly ML, Tsounis X, Tuohy KM, Lovegrove JA. Hypocholesterolemic and prebiotic effects of a whole-grain oat based granola breakfast cereal in a cardiometabolic 'at-risk' population. Frontiers in Microbiology 2016;7:Article 1675. - PMC - PubMed
Costabile 2008 {published data only}
    1. Costabile A, Klinder A, Fava F, Napolitano A, Fogliano V, Leonard C et al. Whole-grain wheat breakfast cereal has a prebiotic effect on the human gut microbiota: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. British Journal of Nutrition 2008;99(1):110-20. - PubMed
Crapo 1981 {published data only}
    1. Crapo PA, Insel J, Sperling M, Kolterman OG. Comparison of serum glucose, insulin, and glucagon responses to different types of complex carbohydrate in noninsulin-dependent diabetic patients. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1981;34:184-90. - PubMed
Cugnet‐Anceau 2010 {published data only}
    1. Cugnet-Anceau C, Nazare JA, Biorklund M, Le Coquil E, Sassolas A, Sothier M et al. A controlled study of consumption of beta-glucan-enriched soups for 2 months by type 2 diabetic free-living subjects. British Journal of Nutrition 2010;103(3):422-8. - PubMed
Data 1980 {published data only}
    1. Data PG, Cacchio M, Sergiacomo P, Di Tano G. Investigation of the importance of dietetic fibers in the regulation of cholesterolemia. Bollettino della Societa Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale 1980;16:1545-50. - PubMed
Dattilo 1992 {published data only}
    1. Dattilo AM, Dugan L, Burns J, Davidson MH, Synecki C. Exploring the lipid-lowering effects of oats. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 1992;12:164-6.
Davidson 1991 {published data only}
    1. Davidson MH, Dugan LD, Burns JH, Bova J, Story K, Drennan KB. The hypocholesterolemic effects of beta-glucan in oatmeal and oat bran. JAMA 1991;265(14):1833-9. - PubMed
Davy 2002a {published data only}
    1. Davy BM, Melby CL, Beske SD, Ho RC, Davrath LR, Davy KP. Oat consumption does not affect resting casual and ambulatory 24-h arterial blood pressure in men with high-normal blood pressure to stage I hypertension. Journal of Nutrition 2002;132(3):394-8. - PubMed
Davy 2002b {published data only}
    1. Davy BM, Davy KP, Ho RC, Beske SD, Davrath LR, Melby CL. High-fiber oat cereal compared with wheat cereal consumption favorably alters LDL-cholesterol subclass and particle numbers in middle-aged and older men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;76:351-8. - PubMed
Demark‐Wahnefried 1990 {published data only}
    1. Demark-Wahnefried W, Bowering J, Cohen PS. Reduced serum cholesterol with dietary change using fat-modified and oat bran supplemented diets. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1990;90:223-9. - PubMed
de Mello 2011 {published data only}
    1. Mello VD, Schwab U, Kolehmainen M, Koenig W, Siloaho M, Poutanen K et al. A diet high in fatty fish, bilberries and wholegrain products improves markers of endothelial function and inflammation in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism in a randomised controlled trial: the Sysdimet study. Diabetologia 2011;54(11):2755-67. - PubMed
Di Capua 2010 {published data only}
    1. Di Capua L, Bozzetto L, De Natale C, Giacco R, Patti L, Maione S, et al. Effects on systemic inflammation of dietary approaches useful for cardiovascular risk reduction [Effetti sull'infiammazione sistemica di approcci nutrizionali utili per la riduzione del rischio cardiovascolare]. Giornale Italiano di Diabetologia e Metabolismo 2010;30(1):13-8.
Dixit 2011 {published data only}
    1. Dixit AA, Azar KM, Gardner CD, Palaniappan LP. Incorporation of whole, ancient grains into a modern Asian Indian diet to reduce the burden of chronic disease. Nutrition Reviews 2011;69(8):479-88. - PMC - PubMed
Ebell 2000 {published data only}
    1. Ebell M. Does a diet high in fiber improve disease-oriented end points in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus? Evidence-Based Practice 2000;3(10, insert):12p.
Eliasson 1992 {published data only}
    1. Eliasson K, Ryttig KR, Hylander B, Rossner S. A dietary fibre supplement in the treatment of mild hypertension. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Hypertension 1992;10:195-9. - PubMed
Ellis 2005 {published data only}
    1. Ellis J, Johnson MA, Fischer JG, Hargrove JL. Nutrition and health education intervention for whole grain foods in the Georgia Older Americans Nutrition Program. Journal of Nutrition for the Elderly 2005;24:67-83. - PubMed
Fappa 2013 {published data only}
    1. Fappa E, Georgiadi T, Mestana S, Vasiliki B. Increasing whole grain food consumption seems to be a promising strategy in promoting weight loss in overweight or obese adults. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2013;63:1371.
Fehily 1986 {published data only}
    1. Fehily AM, Burr M, Butland BK, Eastham RD. A randomised controlled trial to investigate the effect of a high fibre diet on blood pressure and plasma fibrinogen. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 1986;40:334-7. - PMC - PubMed
Fordyce‐Baum 1989 {published data only}
    1. Fordyce-Baum MK, Langer L, Mantero-Atienza E, Crass R, Beach RS. Use of an expanded whole-wheat product in the reduction of body weight and serum lipids in obese females. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1989;50(1):30-6. - PubMed
Fung 2002 {published data only}
    1. Fung TT, Hu FB, Pereira MA, Liu S, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al. Whole-grain intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study in men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;76:535-40. - PubMed
Giacco 2010 {published data only}
    1. Giacco R, Clemente G, Cipriano D, Luongo D, Viscovo D, Patti L, et al. Effects of the regular consumption of wholemeal wheat foods on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy people. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 2010;20(3):186-94. - PubMed
Golay 1992 {published data only}
    1. Golay A, Koellreutter B, Bloise D, Assal J-P, Wursch P. The effect of muesli or cornflakes at breakfast on carbohydrate metabolism in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Research & Clinical Practice 1992;15:135-42. - PubMed
Guzic 1994 {published data only}
    1. Guzic B, Sundell IB, Keber I, Keber D. The effect of oat husk supplementation in diet on plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in diabetic survivors of myocardial infarction. Fibrinolysis 1994;8(Suppl 2):44-6.
Hagander 1985 {published data only}
    1. Hagander B, Bjorck I, Asp N-G, Lunquist I, Nilsson-Ehle P, Schrezenmeir J, et al. Hormonal and metabolic responses to breakfast meals in NIDDM: comparison of white and whole-grain wheat bread and corresponding extruded products. Human Nutrition. Applied Nutrition 1985;39A:114-23. - PubMed
Hagander 1988 {published data only}
    1. Hagander B, Asp N-G, Efendic S, Nilsson-Ehle P, Schersten B. Dietary fiber decreases fasting blood glucose levels and plasma LDL concentration in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1988;47:852-8. - PubMed
He 1995 {published data only}
    1. He J, Klag MJ, Whelton PK, Mo J-P, Qian M-C, Mo P-S, et al. Oats and buckwheat intakes and cardiovascular disease risk factors in an ethnic minority of China. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995;61:366-72. - PubMed
Heaton 1976 {published data only}
    1. Heaton KW, Manning AP, Hartog M. Lack of effect on blood lipid and calcium concentrations of young men on changing from white to wholemeal bread. British Journal of Nutrition 1976;35:55-60. - PubMed
Hoffman 1982 {published data only}
    1. Hoffman CR, Fineberg SE, Howey DC, Clark CM, Pronsky Z. Short-term effects of a high-fiber, high-carbohydrate diet in very obese diabetic individuals. Diabetes Care 1982;5(6):605-11. - PubMed
Hollenbeck 1986 {published data only}
    1. Hollenbeck CB, Coulston AM, Reaven GM. To what extent does increased dietary fiber improve glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1986;43:16-24. - PubMed
Hunninghake 1994 {published data only}
    1. Hunninghake DB, Miller VT, LaRosa JC, Kinosian B, Brown V, Howard WJ, et al. Hypocholesterolemic effects of a dietary fiber supplement. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;59:1050-4. - PubMed
Jacobs 2002 {published data only}
    1. Jacobs DR, Pereira MA, Stumpf K, Pins JJ, Adlercreutz H. Whole grain food intake elevates serum enterolactone. British Journal of Nutrition 2002;88:111-6. - PubMed
Jang 2001 {published data only}
    1. Jang Y, Lee JH, Kim OY, Park HY, Lee SY. Consumption of whole grain and legume powder reduces insulin demand, lipid peroxidation, and plasma homocysteine concentrations in patients with coronary artery disease: randomized controlled clinical trial. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis & Vascular Biology 2001;21:2065-71. - PubMed
Jenkins 1985 {published data only}
    1. Jenkins DJA, Wolever TMS, Kalmusky J, Giudici S, Giordano C, Wong GS, et al. Low glycemic index carbohydrate foods in the management of hyperlipidemia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1985;42:604-17. - PubMed
Jenkins 1993 {published data only}
    1. Jenkins D, Wolever T, Rao V, Hegele RA, Mitchell SJ, Ransom T, et al. Effect on blood lipids of very high intakes of fiber in diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol. New England Journal of Medicine 1993;329:21-6. - PubMed
Jenkins 2008 {published data only}
    1. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, McKeown-Eyssen G, Josse RG, Silverberg J, Booth GL et al. Effect of a low-glycemic index or a high-cereal fiber diet on type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. JAMA 2008;300(23):2742-53. - PubMed
Johnston 1998 {published data only}
    1. Johnston L, Reynolds HB, Hunninghake DB, Schultz K, Westereng B. Cholesterol-lowering benefits of a whole grain oat ready to eat cereal. Nutrition Clinical Care 1998;1(1):6-12.
Judd 1981 {published data only}
    1. Judd PA, Truswell AS. The effect of rolled oats on blood lipids and fecal steroid excretion in man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1981;34:2061-7. - PubMed
Juntunen 2002 {published data only}
    1. Juntunen KS, Niskanen LK, Liukkonen KH, Poutanen KS, Holst JJ, Mykkanen HM. Postprandial glucose, insulin, and incretin responses to grain products in healthy subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;75:254-62. - PubMed
Juntunen 2003 {published data only}
    1. Juntunen KS, Laaksonen DE, Poutanen KS, Niskanen LK, Mykkanen HM. High-fiber rye bread and insulin secretion and sensitivity in healthy menopausal women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;77:385-91. - PubMed
Kabir 2002 {published data only}
    1. Kabir M, Oppert J-M, Vidal H, Bruzzo F, Fiquet C, Wursch P, et al. Four-week low-glycemic index breakfast with a modest amount of soluble fibers in type 2 diabetic men. Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental 2002;51(7):819-26. - PubMed
Karl 2016 {published data only}
    1. Connolly Ml, Tzounis X, Tuohy KM, Lovegrove JA. Hypocholesterolemic and prebiotic effects of a whole-grain oat-based granola breakfast cereal in a cardio-metabolic "at risk" population. Frontiers in Microbiology 2016;7:1675. - PMC - PubMed
Karlstrom 1984 {published data only}
    1. Karlstrom B, Vessby B, Asp N-G, Boberg M, Gustafsson I-B, Lithell H, et al. Effects of increased content of cereal fibre in the diet of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetologia 1984;26:272-7. - PubMed
Karmally 2005 {published data only}
    1. Karmally W, Montez WG. Cholesterol-lowering benefits of oat-containing cereal in Hispanic Americans. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2005;105(6):967-70. - PubMed
Katz 2001a {published data only}
    1. Katz DL, Nawaz H, Boukhalil J, Chan W, Ahmadi R, Giannamore V, et al. Effects of oat and wheat cereals on endothelial responses. Preventive Medicine 2001;33:476-84. - PubMed
Katz 2001b {published data only}
    1. Katz DL, Nawaz H, Boukhalil J, Giannamore V, Chan W, Ahmadi R, et al. Acute effects of oats and vitamin E on endothelial responses to ingested fat. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2001;20(2):124-9. - PubMed
Kay 1977 {published data only}
    1. Kay RM, Truswell AS. The effect of wheat fibre on plasma lipids and faecal steroid excretion in man. British Journal of Nutrition 1977;37:227-35. - PubMed
Kay 1981 {published data only}
    1. Kay RM, Grobin W, Track NS. Diets rich in natural fibre improve carbohydrate tolerance in maturity-onset, non-insulin dependent diabetics. Diabetologia 1981;20:18-21. - PubMed
Keenan 2002 {published data only}
    1. Keenan JM, Pins JJ, Frazel C, Moran A, Turnquist L. Oat ingestion reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with mild or borderline hypertension: a pilot trial. Journal of Family Practice 2002;51(4):369. - PubMed
Kesaniemi 1990 {published data only}
    1. Kesaniemi YA, Tarpila S, Miettinen TA. Low vs high dietary fiber and serum, biliary, and fecal lipids in middle-aged men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1990;51:1007-12. - PubMed
Kim 2008 {published data only}
    1. Kim JY, Kim JH, Lee DH, Kim SH, Lee SS. Meal replacement with mixed rice is more effective than white rice in weight control, while improving antioxidant enzyme activity in obese women. Nutrition Research 2008;28(2):66-71. - PubMed
Kirwan 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kirwan JP, Malin SK, Scelsi AR, Kullman El, Navaneethan SD, Pagadala MR, et al. A whole-grain diet reduces cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese adults: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Nutrition 2016;146(11):2244-51. - PMC - PubMed
Kleemola 1999 {published data only}
    1. Kleemola P, Puska P, Vartiainnen, Roos E, Luoto R, Ehnholm C. The effect of breakfast cereal on diet and serum cholesterol: a randomized trial in North Karelia, Finland. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999;53:716-21. - PubMed
Kris‐Etherton 2002 {published data only}
    1. Kris-Etherton PM, Shaffer-Taylor D, Smicklas-Wright H, Mitchell DC, Bekhuis TC, Olson BH et al. High-soluble-fiber foods in conjunction with a telephone-based, personalized behavior change support service result in favorable changes in lipids and lifestyles after 7 weeks. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2001;102:503-10. - PubMed
Lakshmi 1996 {published data only}
    1. Lakshmi KB, Vimala V. Hypoglycemic effect of selected sorghum recipes. Nutrition Research 1996;16(10):1651-8.
Lankinen 2010 {published data only}
    1. Lankinen M, Schwab U, Gopalacharyulu PV, Seppänen-Laakso T, Yetukuri L, Sysi-Aho M et al. Dietary carbohydrate modification alters serum metabolic profiles in individuals with the metabolic syndrome. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 2010;20(4):249-57. - PubMed
Leinonen 1999 {published data only}
    1. Leinonen K, Liukkonen K, Poutanene K, Uusitupa M, Mykkanen H. Rye bread decreases postprandial insulin response but does not alter glucose response in healthy Finnish subjects. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999;53(4):262-7. - PubMed
Leinonen 2000 {published data only}
    1. Leinonen KS, Poutanen KS, Mykkanen HM. Rye bread decreases serum total and LDL cholesterol in men with moderately elevated serum cholesterol. Journal of Nutrition 2000;130:164-70. - PubMed
Liese 2003 {published data only}
    1. Liese AD, Roach AK, Sparks KC, Marquart L, D'Agostino RB, Mayer-Davis E. Whole-grain intake and insulin sensitivity: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;78(5):965-71. - PubMed
Lousley 1984 {published data only}
    1. Lousley SE, Jones DB, Slaughter P, Carter RD, Jelfs R, Mann JI. High carbohydrate-high fibre diets in poorly controlled diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 1984;1(1):21-5. - PubMed
MacKay 2012 {published data only}
    1. MacKay KA, Tucker AJ, Duncan AM, Graham TE, Robinson LE. Whole grain wheat sourdough bread does not affect plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in adults with normal or impaired carbohydrate metabolism. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 2012;22:704-11. - PubMed
MacMahon 1998 {published data only}
    1. MacMahon M, Carless J. Ispaghula husk in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia: a double blind controlled study. Journal of Cardiovascular Risk 1998;5(3):167-72. - PubMed
Maki 2003 {published data only}
    1. Maki KC, Davidson MH, Ingram KA, Veith PE. Lipid responses to consumption of a beta-glucan containing ready-to-eat cereal in children and adolescents with mild-to-moderate primary hypercholesterolemia. Nutrition Research 2003;23(11):1527-35.
Maki 2007 {published data only}
    1. Maki KC, Galant R, Samuel P, Tesser J, Witchger MS, Ribaya-Mercado JD et al. Effects of consuming foods containing oat beta-glucan on blood pressure, carbohydrate metabolism and biomarkers of oxidative stress in men and women with elevated blood pressure. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;61(6):786-95. - PubMed
Manhire 1981 {published data only}
    1. Manhire A, Henry CL, Hartog M, Heaton KW. Unrefined carbohydrate and dietary fibre in treatment of diabetes mellitus. Journal of Human Nutrition 1981;35:99-101. - PubMed
Mathur 1968 {published data only}
    1. Mathur KS, Khan MA, Sharma RD. Hypocholesterolaemic effect of Bengal gram: a long-term study in man. British Medical Journal 1968;1:30-1. - PMC - PubMed
McGeoch 2013 {published data only}
    1. McGeoch SC, Johnstone AM, Lobley GE, Adamson J, Hickson K, Holtrop G et al. A randomized crossover study to assess the effect of an oat-rich diet on glycaemic control, plasma lipids and postprandial glycaemia, inflammation and oxidative stress in Type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 2013;30(11):1314-23. - PMC - PubMed
McIntosh 1991 {published data only}
    1. McIntosh GH, Whyte J, McArthur R, Nestel PJ. Barley and wheat foods: influence on plasma cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolemic men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991;53:1205-9. - PubMed
McIntosh 2003 {published data only}
    1. McIntosh GH, Noakes M, Royle PJ, Foster PR. Whole-grain rye and wheat foods and markers of bowel health in overweight middle-aged men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;77(4):967-74. - PubMed
Melanson 2006 {published data only}
    1. Melanson KJ, Angelopoulos TJ, Nguyen VT, Martini M, Zukley L, Lowndes J. Consumption of whole-grain cereals during weight loss: effects on dietary quality, dietary fiber, magnesium, vitamin B-6, and obesity. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2006;106(9):1380-8. - PubMed
Meydani 2016 {published data only}
    1. Meydani M, Thomas M, Barnett JB, Vanegas S, Chen O, Dolnikowski G, et al. Short term consumption of whole grain foods independent of weight loss does not affect surrogate markers of CVD. FASEB Journal 2016;30(1 Suppl):678.10.
Moazzami 2012 {published data only}
    1. Moazzami AA, Bondia-Pons I, Hanhineva K, Juntunen K, Antl N, Poutanen K, et al. Metabolomics reveals the metabolic shifts following an intervention with rye bread in postmenopausal women - a randomized control trial. Nutrition Journal 2012;11:88. - PMC - PubMed
Montonen 2003 {published data only}
    1. Montonen J, Knekt P, Jarvinen R, Aromaa A, Reunanen A. Whole-grain and fiber intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;77:622-9. - PubMed
Nielsen 1988 {published data only}
    1. Nielsen GL, Thuesen H. Blood glucose responses to sweetcorn and potato meals. Diabetic Medicine 1988;5(6):598-9. - PubMed
O'Kell 1988 {published data only}
    1. O'Kell RT, Duston AA. Lack of effect of dietary oats on serum cholesterol. Missouri Medicine 1988;85(11):726-8. - PubMed
Odes 1993 {published data only}
    1. Odes HS, Lazovski H, Stern I, Madar Z. Double-blind trial of a high dietary fiber, mixed grain cereal in patients with chronic constipation and hyperlipidemia. Nutrition Research 1993;13:979-85.
Pacy 1986 {published data only}
    1. Pacy PJ, Dodson PM, Taylor MP. The effect of a high fibre, low fat, low sodium diet on diabetics with intermittent claudication. British Journal of Clinical Practice 1986;40(8):313-7. - PubMed
Pereira 2002 {published data only}
    1. Pereira MA, Jacobs JR, Pins JJ, Raatz SK, Gross MD, Slavin JL, et al. Effect of whole grains on insulin sensitivity in overweight hyperinsulinemic adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;75:848-55. - PubMed
Pins 2002 {published data only}
    1. Keenan JM, Pins JJ, Geleva D, Frazel C, O'Connor PJ, Cherney LM. Whole-grain oat cereal consumption reduces antihypertensive medication need: a cost analysis. Preventive Medicine in Managed Care 2002;3(1):9-17.
    1. Pins JJ, Geleva DRD, Keenan JM, Frazel C, O'Connor PJ, Cherney LM. Do whole-grain oat cereals reduce the need for antihypertensive medications and improve blood pressure control? Journal of Family Practice 2002;51(4):353-9. - PubMed
Poulter 1993 {published data only}
    1. Poulter N, Chang CL, Cuff A, Poulter C, Sever P, Thom S. Lipid profiles after the daily consumption of an oat-based cereal: a controlled crossover trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1993;58:66-9. - PubMed
Rave 2007 {published data only}
    1. Rave K, Roggen K, Dellweg S, Heise T, Dieck H. Improvement of insulin resistance after diet with a whole-grain based dietary product: results of a randomized, controlled cross-over study in obese subjects with elevated fasting blood glucose. British Journal of Nutrition 2007;98(5):929-36. - PubMed
Reynolds 1989 {published data only}
    1. Reynolds HR, Lindeke E, Hunninghake DB. Effect of oat bran on serum lipids. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1989;89(Suppl):A112.
Reynolds 2000 {published data only}
    1. Reynolds HR, Quiter E, Hunninghake DB. Whole grain oat cereal lowers serum lipids. Topics in Clinical Nutrition 2000;15(4):74-83.
Rigaud 1990 {published data only}
    1. Rigaud D, Ryttig KR, Angel LA, Apfelbaum M. Overweight treated with energy restriction and a dietary fibre supplement: a 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Obesity 1990;14:763-9. - PubMed
Ross 2012 {published data only}
    1. Ross AB, Bourgeois A, Macharia HN, Kochhar S, Jebb SA, Brownlee IA et al. Plasma alkylresorcinols as a biomarker of whole-grain food consumption in a large population: results from the WHOLEheart Intervention Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012;95(1):204-11. - PMC - PubMed
Roth 1985 {published data only}
    1. Roth G, Leitzmann C. Long-term influence of breakfast cereals rich in dietary fibres on human blood lipid values [Langzeieinfluss ballast-stoffreicher Fruhstuck-cerealien auf die Blutlipide beim Menschen]. Aktuelle Ernahringsmedizin Klinik und Praxis 1985;10(3):106-9.
Russ 1985 {published data only}
    1. Russ CS, Atkinson RL. Use of high fiber diets for the outpatient treatment of obesity. Nutrition Reports International 1985;32(1):193-8.
Rytter 1996 {published data only}
    1. Rytter E, Erlanson-Albertsson C, Lindahl L, Lundquist I, Viberg U, Akesson B, et al. Changes in plasma insulin, enterostatin, and lipoprotein levels during an energy-restricted dietary regimen including a new oat-based liquid food. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 1996;40:212-20. - PubMed
Saltzman 2001a {published data only}
    1. Saltzman E, Moriguti JC, Das SK, Corrales A, Fuss P, Greenberg AS, et al. Effects of a cereal rich in soluble fiber on body composition and dietary compliance during consumption of a hypocaloric diet. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2001;20(1):50-7. - PubMed
Saltzman 2001b {published data only}
    1. Saltzman E, Das SK, Lichtenstein AH, Dallal GE, Corrales A, Schaefer EJ, et al. An oat-containing hypocaloric diet reduces systolic blood pressure and improves lipid profile beyond effects of weight loss in men and women. Journal of Nutrition 2001;131:1465-70. - PubMed
Schlamowitz 1987 {published data only}
    1. Schlamowitz P, Halberg T, Warnoe O, Wilstrup F, Ryttig K. Treatment of mild to moderate hypertension with dietary fibre. Lancet 1987;2:622-3. - PubMed
Talati 2009 {published data only}
    1. Talati R, Baker WL, Pabilonia MS, White CM, Coleman CI. The effects of barley-derived soluble fiber on serum lipids. Annals of Family Medicine 2009;7(2):157-63. - PMC - PubMed
Tighe 2013 {published data only}
    1. Tighe P, Duthie G, Brittenden J, Vaughan N, Mutch W, Simpson WG, et al. Effects of wheat and oat-based whole grain foods on serum lipoprotein size and distribution in overweight middle aged people: a randomised controlled trial. PLoS ONE 2913;8(6):e70436. - PMC - PubMed
Turnbull 1987 {published data only}
    1. Turnbull WH, Leeds AR. Reduction of total and LDL-C cholesterol in plasma by oats. Journal of Clinical Nutrition Gastroenterology 1987;2:177-81.
Turnbull 1989 {published data only}
    1. Turnbull WH, Leeds AR. The effect of rolled oats and a reduced/modified fat diet on apolipoproteins A1 and B. Journal of Clinical Nutrition - Gastroenterology 1989;1:15-9.
Turpeinen 2000 {published data only}
    1. Turpeinen AM, Juntunen K, Mutanen M, Mykkanen H. Similar responses in hemostatic factors after consumption of wholemeal rye bread and low-fiber wheat bread. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000;54:418-23. - PubMed
Van Horn 1986 {published data only}
    1. Van Horn LV, Liu K, Parker D, Emidy L, Liao Y, Pan WH, et al. Serum lipid response to oat product intake with a fat-modified diet. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1986;86(6):759-64. - PubMed
Van Horn 1988 {published data only}
    1. Van Horn L, Emidy LA, Liu K, Liao Y, Ballew C, King J, et al. Serum lipid response to a fat-modified, oatmeal-enhanced diet. Preventive Medicine 1988;17:377-86. - PubMed
Van Horn 1991 {published data only}
    1. Van Horn L, Moag-Stahlberg A, Liu K, Ballew C, Ruth K, Hughes R, et al. Effects on serum lipids of adding instant oats to usual American diets. American Journal of Public Health 1991;81(2):183-8. - PMC - PubMed
Van Horn 2001 {published data only}
    1. Van Horn L, Liu K, Gerber J, Garside D, Schiffer L, Gernhofer N, et al. Oats and soy in lipid-lowering diets for women with hypercholesterolemia: is there synergy? Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2001;101:1319-25. - PubMed
Vitaglione 2015 {published data only}
    1. Vitaglione P, Mennella I, Ferracane R, Rivellese AA, Giacco R, Ercolini D, et al. Whole-grain wheat consumption reduces inflammation in a randomized controlled trial on overweight and obese subjects with unhealthy dietary and lifestyle behaviors: role of polyphenols bound to cereal dietary fiber. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2015;101(2):251-61. - PubMed
Wang 2013 {published data only}
    1. Wang B, Medapalli R, Xu J, Cai W, Chen X, He JC et al. Effects of a whole rice diet on metabolic parameters and inflammatory markers in prediabetes. e-SPEN Journal 2013;8:e15-20.
Willms 1987 {published data only}
    1. Willms B, Arends J. Comparison of isolated (guar) and natural (Musli) dietary fiber in the treatment of type II diabetes [Verglech von isolierten (Guar) und naturlichen (Musli) Ballastoffen in der therapie des Typ-II-Diabetes]. Medizinische Klinik 1987;12/13:429-31. - PubMed
Wolever 2003 {published data only}
    1. Wolever TMS, Tshilias EB, McBurney MI, Le N-A. Long-term effect of reduced carbohydrate or increased fiber intake on LDL particle size and HDL composition in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Nutrition Research 2003;23:15-26.
Wolever 2016 {published data only}
    1. Wolever TMS, Raederstorff D, Duss R. Oat beta-glucan reduces serum LDL cholesterol in humans with serum LDL cholesterol < 160 mg/dL. Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 2016;16(2):122-8.
Wolffenbuttel 1992 {published data only}
    1. Wolffenbuttel BHR, Sels J-PJE, Heesen BJ, Menheere PPCA, Nieuwenhuijzen-Kruseman AC. The effects of dietary fibre and insulin treatment on the serum levels of lipids and lipoprotein (a) in patients with diabetes mellitus type II. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 1992;136(15):739-42. - PubMed
Wursch 1991 {published data only}
    1. Wursch P, Koellreutter B, Haesler E, Felber JP, Golay A. Metabolic effects of slow release starch in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Diabetes, Nutrition & Metabolism 1991;4(3):195-9.
Zhang 2012 {published data only}
    1. Zhang J, Li L, Song P, Wang C, Man Q, Meng L et al. Randomized controlled trial of oatmeal consumption versus noodle consumption on blood lipids of urban Chinese adults with hypercholesterolemia. Nutrition Journal 2012;11(1):54. - PMC - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Bi 2013 {published data only}
    1. Bi M, Niu Y, Li X, Li Y, Sun C. Effects of barley flake on metabolism of glucose and lipids in patients with impaired fasting glucose. Wei sheng yan jiu [Journal of Hygiene Research] 2013;42(5):719-23. - PubMed
Li 2016 {published data only}
    1. Li X, Cai X, Ma X, Jing L, Gu J, Bao L, et al. Short-and long-term effects of wholegrain oat intake on weight management and glucolipid metabolism in overweight type-2 diabetics: a randomized control trial. Nutrients 2016;8(9):549. - PMC - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

NCT02615444 {published data only}
    1. NCT02615444. The effects of beta-glucan enriched oatcake consumption on metabolic disease risk factors. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02615444 (first received 5 November 2015).
Wedick 2015 {published data only}
    1. Wedick NM, Sudha V, Spiegelman D, Bai MR, Malik VS, Venkatachalam SS, et al. Study design and methods for a randomized crossover trial substituting brown rice for white rice on diabetes risk factors in India. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2015;66(7):797-804. - PMC - PubMed

Additional references

Aburto 2013
    1. Aburto NJ, Ziolkovska A, Hooper L, Elliott P, Cappuccio FP, Meerpohl JJ. Effect of lower sodium intake on health: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ 2013;346:f1326. - PMC - PubMed
Aune 2016
    1. Aune D, Keum N, Giovannucci E, Fadnes LT, Boffetta P, Greenwood DC, et al. Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ 2016;353:i2716. - PMC - PubMed
BHF 2014
    1. British Heart Foundation. Cardiovascular disease 2014. www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/conditions/cardiovascular-disease.aspx (accessed prior to 15 August 2017).
Bovet 2012
    1. Bovet P, Paccaud F. Cardiovascular disease and the changing face of global public health: a focus on low and middle income countries. Public Health Reviews 2012;33(2):397-415.
Brown 1999
    1. Brown L, Rosner B, Willett WW, Sacks FM. Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999;69:30-42. - PubMed
Egger 1997
    1. Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple graphical test. BMJ 1997;315:629-34. - PMC - PubMed
Fardet 2010
    1. Fardet A. New hypothesis for the health-protective mechanisms of whole-grain cereals: what is beyond fibre? Nutrition Research Reviews 2010;23:65-134. - PubMed
Ferruzzi 2014
    1. Ferruzzi MG, Jonnalagadda SS, Liu S, Marquart L, McKeown N, Reicks M et al. Developing a standard definition of whole-grain foods for dietary recommendations: summary report of a multidisciplinary expert roundtable discussion. Advances in Nutrition 2014;5:164-76. - PMC - PubMed
Follmann 1992
    1. Follmann D, Elliott P, Suh I, Cutler J. Variance imputation for overviews of clinical trials with continuous response. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1992;45:769-73. - PubMed
Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
    1. GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2015;388(10053):1659-724. - PMC - PubMed
Guyatt 2011
    1. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, Alonso-Coello P, Rind D, et al. GRADE guidelines 6. Rating the quality of evidence - imprecision. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2011;64(12):1283-93. - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
Hu 2014
    1. Hu T, Bazzano LA. The low-carbohydrate diet and cardiovascular risk factors: evidence from epidemiologic studies. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 2014;24(4):337-43. - PMC - PubMed
JAMA 2004
    1. JAMA. Author Instructions: Système International (SI) Conversion Factors for Selected Laboratory Components. jama.ama-assn.org/misc/auinst_si.dtl 2004.
Lefebvre 2011
    1. Lefebvre C, Manheimer E, Glanville J. Chapter 6: Searching for studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
Liu 1999
    1. Liu S, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Giovannucci E, Rimm E, Manson J, et al. Whole-grain consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: results from the Nurses Health Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999;70:412-9. - PubMed
McKeown 2002
    1. McKeown NM, Meigs JB, Liu S, Wilson PW, Jacques PF. Whole-grain intake is favorably associated with metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Offspring Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;76(2):390-8. - PubMed
Meader 2014
    1. Meader N, King K, Llewellyn A, Norman G, Brown J, Rodgers M, et al. A checklist designed to aid consistency and reproducibility of GRADE assessments: development and pilot validation. Systematic Reviews 2014;3:83. - PMC - PubMed
Mellen 2008
    1. Mellen PB, Walsh TF, Herrington DM. Whole grain intake and cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 2008;18(4):283-90. - PubMed
Moher 2009
    1. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Medicine 2009;6(7):e1000097. - PMC - PubMed
NHS 2012
    1. National Health Service. Atherosclerosis 2012. www.nhs.uk/conditions/Atherosclerosis/Pages/Introduction.aspx#commentCou... (accessed prior to 15 August 2017).
Okarter 2010
    1. Okarter N, Liu RH. Health benefits of whole grain phytochemicals. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2010;50(3):193-208. - PubMed
Oude 2010
    1. Oude Griep LM, Gelejinse JM, Kronhout D, Ocke MC, Verschuern WM. Raw and processed fruit and vegetable consumption and 10-year coronary heart disease incidence in a population-based cohort study in the Netherlands. PLoS ONE 2010;5:e13609. - PMC - PubMed
Pol 2013
    1. Pol K, Christensen R, Bartels E, Raben A, Tetens I, Kristensen M. Whole grain and body weight changes in apparently healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013;98(4):872-84. [DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.064659] - DOI - PubMed
Priebe 2008
    1. Priebe M, Binsbergen J, Vos R, Vonk RJ. Whole grain foods for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1. Art. No: CD006061. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006061.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
RevMan 2014 [Computer program]
    1. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
Rimm 1996
    1. Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Giovannucci E, Spiegelman D, Stampfer M, Willet W. Vegetable, fruit and cereal fibre intake and risk of coronary heart disease among men. JAMA 1996;59:1386-94. - PubMed
Seal 2006
    1. Seal CJ. Wholegrains and CVD risk. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2006;65:1-12. - PubMed
Slavin 2001
    1. Slavin JL, Jacobs D, Marquart L, Wiemer K. The role of whole grains in disease prevention. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2001;101:780-5. - PubMed
Slavin 2003
    1. Slavin J. Why wholegrains are protective: biological mechanisms. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2003;62:129-34. - PubMed
Spagnoli 2007
    1. Spagnoli LG, Bonanno E, Sangiorgi G, Mauriello A. Role of inflammation in atherosclerosis. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 2007;11:1800-15. - PubMed
Steffen 2003
    1. Steffen LM, Jacobs DR, Stevens J, Shahar E, Carithers T, Folsom A. Associations of whole-grain, refined grain, and fruit and vegetable consumption with risks of all-cause mortality and incident coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;78:383-90. - PubMed
van der Kamp 2014
    1. Kamp JW, Poutanen K, Seal CJ, Richardson DP. The HEALTHGRAIN definition of 'whole grain'. Food and Nutrition Research 2014;58:22100. - PMC - PubMed
Whitehead 2014
    1. Whitehead A, Beck EJ, Tosh S, Wolever TM. Cholesterol-lowering effects of oat beta-glucan: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2014;100(6):1413-21. - PMC - PubMed
WHO 2013
    1. World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Fact Sheet Number 317. March 2013. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/index.html (accessed prior to 15 August 2017).
Wolk 1999
    1. Wolk A, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA. Long-term intake of dietary fiber and increased risk of coronary heart disease among women. JAMA 1999;281:1998-2004. - PubMed
Ye 2012
    1. Ye EQ, Chacko SA, Clou EL, Kugizaki M, Liu S. Greater whole-grain intake is associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and weight gain. Journal of Nutrition 2012;142(7):1304-13. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Kelly 2007
    1. Kelly SAM, Summerbell CD, Brynes A, Whittaker V, Frost G. Wholegrain cereals for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 2. Art. No: CD005051. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005051.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Publication types