Minimal Window Duration for Accurate HRV Recording in Athletes

Abstract

Heart rate variability (HRV) is non-invasive and commonly used for monitoring responses to training loads, fitness, or overreaching in athletes. Yet, the recording duration for a series of RR-intervals varies from 1 to 15 min in the literature. The aim of the present work was to assess the minimum record duration to obtain reliable HRV results. RR-intervals from 159 orthostatic tests (7 min supine, SU, followed by 6 min standing, ST) were analyzed. Reference windows were 4 min in SU (min 3-7) and 4 min in ST (min 9-13). Those windows were subsequently divided and the analyses were repeated on eight different fractioned windows: the first min (0-1), the second min (1-2), the third min (2-3), the fourth min (3-4), the first 2 min (0-2), the last 2 min (2-4), the first 3 min (0-3), and the last 3 min (1-4). Correlation and Bland & Altman statistical analyses were systematically performed. The analysis window could be shortened to 0-2 instead of 0-4 for RMSSD only, whereas the 4-min window was necessary for LF and total power. Since there is a need for 1 min of baseline to obtain a steady signal prior the analysis window, we conclude that studies relying on RMSSD may shorten the windows to 3 min (= 1+2) in SU or seated position only and to 6 min (= 1+2 min SU plus 1+2 min ST) if there is an orthostatic test. Studies relying on time- and frequency-domain parameters need a minimum of 5 min (= 1+4) min SU or seated position only but require 10 min (= 1+4 min SU plus 1+4 min ST) for the orthostatic test.

Keywords: HRV; LF-HF; RMSSD; accuracy; athlete; fatigue.

Figure 1

Correlation (Left) and Bland and Altman (Right) plots for comparison of LF in the 1–4 and the reference 0–4 windows. SU, supine; ST, standing; r², Pearson r square; SSE, sum of square error; RPC, reproducibility coefficient; CV, coefficient of variation. Blue dots: Subject 1; red dots Subject 2; green dots: Subject 3.

Figure 2

Correlation (Left) and Bland and Altman (Right) plots for comparison of RMSSD in the 1–4 and the reference 0–4 windows. SU, supine; ST, standing; r², Pearson r square; SSE, sum of square error; RPC, reproducibility coefficient; CV, coefficient of variation. Blue dots: Subject 1; red dots Subject 2; green dots: Subject 3.

Figure 3

Correlation (Left) and Bland and Altman (Right) plots for comparison of RMSSD in the 0–2 and the reference 0–4 windows in the supine position. r², Pearson r square; SSE, sum of square error; RPC, reproducibility coefficient; CV, coefficient of variation. Blue dots: Subject 1; red dots Subject 2; green dots: Subject 3.