The cardioprotective effect of vanillic acid on hemodynamic parameters, malondialdehyde, and infarct size in ischemia-reperfusion isolated rat heart exposed to PM10

Abstract

Objectives: Particulate matter (PM) exposure can promote cardiac ischemia and myocardial damage. The effects of PM₁₀ on hemodynamic parameters, lipid peroxidation, and infarct size induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury and the protective effects of vanillic acid (VA) in isolated rat heart were investigated.

Materials and methods: Eighty male Wistar rats (250-300 g) were divided into 8 groups (n=10): Control, Sham, VAc, VA, PMa (0.5 mg/kg PM, intratracheal instillation), PMb (2.5 mg/kg PM, intratracheal instillation), PMc (5 mg/kg PM, intratracheal instillation), and PMc + VA (5 mg/kg PM, intratracheal instillation; and 10 mg/kg vanillic acid, gavage for 10 days). PM₁₀ was instilled into the trachea in two stages, within 48 hr. After isolating the hearts and transfer to a Langendorff apparatus, hearts were subjected to 30 min ischemia and 60 min reperfusion. Hemodynamic parameters (±dp/dt, LVSP, LVDP, and RPP), production of lipid peroxidation (MDA), and infarct size were assessed.

Results: A significant decrease in ±dp/dt, LVSP, LVDP and RPP occurred in PM groups. A significant increase in MDA and myocardial infarct size occurred in PM groups. A significant increase in LVDP, LVSP, ±dp/dt, RPP and decrease in infarct size, MDA, and myocardial dysfunction was observed in groups that received vanillic acid after ischemia-reperfusion.

Conclusion: It was demonstrated that PM₁₀ increases MDA, as well as the percentage of cardiac infarct size, and has negative effects on hemodynamic parameters. This study suggests that vanillic acid may serve as an adjunctive treatment in delaying the progression of ischemic heart disease.

Keywords: Hemodynamic parameters; Infarct size; Ischemia–reperfusion; Malondialdehyde Particulate matter; Vanillic acid.

Figure 1

Effect of PM and vanillic acid on LVSP. Results are expressed as mean±SEM of 10 hearts per group. Control (1 ml normal saline, gavage, 10 days), VAc (10 mg/kg of VA, gavage, 10 days), Sham (0.1 ml normal saline, intratracheal instillation), VA (10 mg/kg VA, gavage, 10 days +0.1 ml normal saline, intratracheal instillation), PMa (0.5 mg/kg PM), PMb (2.5 mg/kg PM), PMc group (5 mg/kg PM), PMc + VA group (5 mg/kg PM + 10 mg/kg VA, gavage, 10 days). Repeated measurement ANOVA was used followed by the LSD test. $ P<0.05, $$$ P<0.001 vs. Control group. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. Sham group. +P<0.05, ++P<0.01, +++P<0.001 vs. VA group

Figure 2

Effect of PM and vanillic acid on LVDP. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM of 10 hearts per group. Control (1 ml normal saline, gavage, 10 days), VAc (10 mg/kg of VA, gavage, 10 days), Sham (0.1 ml normal saline, intratracheal instillation), VA (10 mg/kg VA, gavage, 10 days +0.1 ml normal saline, intratracheal instillation), PMa (0.5 mg/kg PM), PMb (2.5 mg/kg PM), PMc group (5 mg/kg PM), PMc + VA group (5 mg/kg PM + 10 mg/kg VA, gavage, 10 days). Repeated measurement ANOVA was used followed by the LSD test. $ P<0.05, $$ P<0.01, $$$ P<0.001 vs. Control group. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. Sham group. + P<0.05, ++ P<0.01, +++ P<0.001 vs. VA group

Figure 3

Effect of PM and vanillic acid on +dp/dt. Results are expressed as mean±SEM of 10 hearts per group. Control (1 ml normal saline, gavage, 10 days), VAc (10 mg/kg of VA, gavage, 10 days), Sham (0.1 ml normal saline, intratracheal instillation), VA (10 mg/kg VA, gavage, 10 days +0.1 ml normal saline, intratracheal instillation), PMa (0.5 mg/kg PM), PMb (2.5 mg/kg PM), PMc group (5 mg/kg PM), PMc + VA group (5 mg/kg PM + 10 mg/kg VA, gavage, 10 days). Repeated measurement ANOVA was used followed by the LSD test. $ P<0.05, $$ P<0.01 vs. Control group. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. Sham group. +P<0.05, ++P<0.01, +++P<0.001 vs. VA group

Figure 4

Effect of PM and vanillic acid on (-dp/dt). Results are expressed as mean ± SEM of 10 hearts per group. Control (1 ml normal saline, gavage, 10 days), VAc (10 mg/kg of VA, gavage, 10 days), Sham (0.1 ml normal saline, intratracheal instillation), VA (10 mg/kg VA, gavage, 10 days +0.1 ml normal saline, intratracheal instillation), PMa (0.5 mg/kg PM), PMb (2.5 mg/kg PM), PMc group (5 mg/kg PM), PMc + VA group (5 mg/kg PM + 10 mg/kg VA, gavage, 10 days). Repeated measurement ANOVA was used followed by the LSD test. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. Sham group. + P<0.05, ++ P<0.01, +++P<0.001 vs. VA group

Figure 5

Effect of PM and vanillic acid on RPP. Results are expressed as mean±SEM of 10 hearts per group. Control (1 ml normal saline, gavage, 10 days), VAc (10 mg/kg of VA, gavage, 10 days), Sham (0.1 ml normal saline, intratracheal instillation), VA (10 mg/kg VA, gavage, 10 days +0.1 ml normal saline, intratracheal instillation), PMa (0.5 mg/kg PM), PMb (2.5 mg/kg PM), PMc group (5 mg/kg PM), PMc + VA group (5 mg/kg PM + 10 mg/kg VA, gavage, 10 days) Repeated measurement ANOVA was used followed by the LSD test. $ P<0.05, $$$ P<0.001 vs. Control group. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. Sham group. +P<0.05, ++P<0.01, +++P<0.001 vs. VA group

Figure 6

Effect of vanillic acid and PM on myocardial infarct size. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM of 10 hearts per group. Control (1 ml normal saline, gavage, 10 days), VAc (10 mg/kg of VA, gavage, 10 days), Sham (0.1 ml normal saline, intratracheal instillation), VA (10 mg/kg VA, gavage, 10 days +0.1 ml normal saline, intratracheal instillation), PMa (0.5 mg/kg PM), PMb (2.5 mg/kg PM), PMc group (5 mg/kg PM), PMc + VA group (5 mg/kg PM + 10 mg/kg VA, gavage, 10 days). One-way ANOVA was used followed by the LSD test. $ P<0.001 vs. Control group, # P<0.001 vs. Sham group, Δ P<0.001 vs. VA group

Figure 7

Effect of PM and vanillic acid on MDA. Results are expressed as mean±SEM of 10 hearts per group. Control (1 ml normal saline, gavage, 10 days), VAc (10 mg/kg of VA, gavage, 10 days), Sham (0.1 ml normal saline, intratracheal instillation), VA (10 mg/kg VA, gavage, 10 days +0.1 ml normal saline), PMa (0.5 mg/kg PM), PMb (2.5 mg/kg PM), PMc group (5 mg/kg PM), PMc + VA group (5 mg/kg PM + 10 mg/kg VA, gavage, 10 days). One way ANOVA was used followed by the LSD test. *P<0.05 vs. the Sham group. + P<0.05, + +P<0.001 vs. VA group