Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2017 Sep 1;9(3):536-543.
doi: 10.1111/jdi.12742. Online ahead of print.

Prevalence of lipohypertrophy in insulin-treated diabetes patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Nan Deng  1   2 , Xiaoyi Zhang  3 , Fangfang Zhao  2 , Ya Wang  2 , Hong He  1
Affiliations

Prevalence of lipohypertrophy in insulin-treated diabetes patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Nan Deng et al. J Diabetes Investig. .

Abstract

Aims/introduction: Insulin-treated diabetes patients are at high risk for lipohypertrophy (LH), but this clinical problem has been overlooked by some medical professionals. In addition, studies differed from each other significantly in regard to the prevalence of LH. The present systematic review aimed to determine pooled prevalence levels of LH among insulin-injecting diabetes patients.

Materials and methods: Four electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library and Scopus) were searched for eligible studies from their inception until April 2017, and reference lists were searched manually to identify additional studies. Studies containing data on LH in patients with diabetes mellitus were included. Meta-analysis was carried out with a random effects model.

Results: A total of 26 studies with a total of 12,493 participants met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis showed that the pooled prevalence of LH was 38% (95% confidence interval [CI] 29-46%, I2 = 99.1%). The main influence on LH was the type of diabetes mellitus. The pooled prevalence of LH among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was higher than patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (49%, 95% CI 23-74% vs 34%, 95% CI 19-49%). The pooled prevalence of LH of studies involving a mixed type of diabetes mellitus was 37% (95% CI 25-48%, I2 = 98.3%).

Conclusion: The prevalence of LH was high in insulin-treated diabetes patients. It showed that diabetes nurses should screen for LH regularly in their patients, and teach them how to prevent LH in their daily management of diabetes mellitus.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Lipohypertrophy; Meta-analysis.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart of literature research. LH, lipohypertrophy.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Forest plot of subgroup analysis by type of diabetes mellitus. T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Funnel plot of the meta‐analysis. SE, standard error.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. International Diabetes Federation . IDF diabetes atlas. 7th ed. http://www.diabetesatlas.org/. [accessed August 21, 2016].
    1. Cunningham MT, Mckenna M. Lipohypertrophy in insulin‐treated diabetes: Prevalence and associated risk factors. J Diabetes Nur 2013; 17: 340–343.
    1. Blanco M, Hernández MT, Strauss KW, et al Prevalence and risk factors of lipohypertrophy in insulin‐injecting patients with diabetes. Diabetes Metab 2013; 39: 445–453. - PubMed
    1. Smith KJ, Rabasa‐Lhoret R, Strychar I, et al Good vs. poor self‐rated diabetes control: differences in cardiovascular risk and self‐care activities. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2014; 122: 236–239. - PubMed
    1. Noor S, Khan RU, Ahmad J. Understanding diabetic foot infection and its management. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2017; 11: 149–156. - PubMed