Serum D-Dimer Test Is Promising for the Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Joint Infection and Timing of Reimplantation

Abstract

Background: Despite the availability of a battery of tests, the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) continues to be challenging. Serum D-dimer assessment is a widely available test that detects fibrinolytic activities that occur during infection. We hypothesized that patients with PJI may have a high level of circulating D-dimer and that the presence of a high level of serum D-dimer may be a sign of persistent infection in patients awaiting reimplantation.

Methods: This prospective study was initiated to enroll patients undergoing primary and revision arthroplasty. Our cohort consisted of 245 patients undergoing primary arthroplasty (n = 23), revision for aseptic failure (n = 86), revision for PJI (n = 57), or reimplantation (n = 29) or who had infection in a site other than a joint (n = 50). PJI was defined using the Musculoskeletal Infection Society criteria. In all patients, serum D-dimer level, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) level were measured preoperatively.

Results: The median D-dimer level was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) for the patients with PJI (1,110 ng/mL [range, 243 to 8,487 ng/mL]) than for the patients with aseptic failure (299 ng/mL [range, 106 to 2,571 ng/mL). Using the Youden index, 850 ng/mL was determined as the optimal threshold value for serum D-dimer for the diagnosis of PJI. Serum D-dimer outperformed both ESR and serum CRP, with a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 93%. ESR and CRP had a sensitivity of 73% and 79% and a specificity of 78% and 80%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of ESR and CRP combined was 84% (95% confidence interval [CI], 76% to 90%) and 47% (95% CI, 36% to 58%), respectively.

Conclusions: It appears that serum D-dimer is a promising marker for the diagnosis of PJI. This test may also have a great utility for determining the optimal timing of reimplantation.

Level of evidence: Diagnostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.