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Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2018 Jan 4;36(2):273-279.
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.116. Epub 2017 Sep 2.

The effect of probiotics and zinc supplementation on the immune response to oral rotavirus vaccine: A randomized, factorial design, placebo-controlled study among Indian infants

Robin P Lazarus  1 , Jacob John  2 , E Shanmugasundaram  1 , Anand K Rajan  3 , S Thiagarajan  3 , Sidhartha Giri  1 , Sudhir Babji  1 , Rajiv Sarkar  1 , P Saravankumar Kaliappan  1 , Srinivasan Venugopal  1 , Ira Praharaj  1 , Uma Raman  1 , Meghana Paranjpe  1 , Nicholas C Grassly  4 , Edward P K Parker  4 , Umesh D Parashar  5 , Jacqueline E Tate  5 , Jessica A Fleming  6 , A Duncan Steele  7 , Jayaprakash Muliyil  1 , Asha M Abraham  3 , Gagandeep Kang  8
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

The effect of probiotics and zinc supplementation on the immune response to oral rotavirus vaccine: A randomized, factorial design, placebo-controlled study among Indian infants

Robin P Lazarus et al. Vaccine. .

Abstract

Background: Strategies are needed to improve oral rotavirus vaccine (RV), which provides suboptimal protection in developing countries. Probiotics and zinc supplementation could improve RV immunogenicity by altering the intestinal microbiota and immune function.

Methods: Infants 5weeks old living in urban Vellore, India were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with a 4-arm factorial design to assess the effects of daily zinc (5mg), probiotic (1010Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) or placebo on the immunogenicity of two doses of RV (Rotarix®, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals) given at 6 and 10weeks of age. Infants were eligible for participation if healthy, available for the study duration and without prior receipt of RV or oral poliovirus vaccine other than the birth dose. The primary outcome was seroconversion to rotavirus at 14weeks of age based on detection of VP6-specific IgA at ≥20U/ml in previously seronegative infants or a fourfold rise in concentration.

Results: The study took place during July 2012 to February 2013. 620 infants were randomized equally between study arms and 551 (88.9%) completed per protocol. Seroconversion was recorded in 54/137 (39.4%), 42/136 (30.9%), 40/143 (28.0%), and 37/135 (27.4%) infants receiving (1) probiotic and zinc, (2) probiotic and placebo, (3) placebo and zinc, (4) two placebos. Seroconversion showed a modest improvement among infants receiving probiotic (difference between groups 1, 2 and 3, 4 was 7.5% (97.5% Confidence Interval (CI): -1.4%, 16.2%), p=0.066) but not zinc (difference between groups 1, 3 and 2, 4 was 4.4% (97.5% CI: -4.4%, 13.2%), p=0.272). 16 serious adverse events were recorded, none related to study interventions.

Conclusions: Zinc or probiotic supplementation did not significantly improve the low immunogenicity of rotavirus vaccine given to infants in a poor urban community in India. A modest effect of combined supplementation deserves further investigation.

Trial registration: The trial was registered in India (CTRI/2012/05/002677).

Keywords: India; Lactobacillus GG; Poliovirus vaccine; Rotavirus vaccines; Zinc.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

JF is an employee of PATH which partially funded the study.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Flow diagram of study recruitment and follow-up
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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