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. 2017 Sep 12;9(9):CD011867.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011867.pub2.

Interventions for obtaining and maintaining employment in adults with severe mental illness, a network meta-analysis

Yvonne B Suijkerbuijk  1 , Frederieke G Schaafsma, Joost C van Mechelen, Anneli Ojajärvi, Marc Corbière, Johannes R Anema
Affiliations

Interventions for obtaining and maintaining employment in adults with severe mental illness, a network meta-analysis

Yvonne B Suijkerbuijk et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: People with severe mental illness show high rates of unemployment and work disability, however, they often have a desire to participate in employment. People with severe mental illness used to be placed in sheltered employment or were enrolled in prevocational training to facilitate transition to a competitive job. Now, there are also interventions focusing on rapid search for a competitive job, with ongoing support to keep the job, known as supported employment. Recently, there has been a growing interest in combining supported employment with other prevocational or psychiatric interventions.

Objectives: To assess the comparative effectiveness of various types of vocational rehabilitation interventions and to rank these interventions according to their effectiveness to facilitate competitive employment in adults with severe mental illness.

Search methods: In November 2016 we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsychINFO, and CINAHL, and reference lists of articles for randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews. We identified systematic reviews from which to extract randomised controlled trials.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials and cluster-randomised controlled trials evaluating the effect of interventions on obtaining competitive employment for adults with severe mental illness. We included trials with competitive employment outcomes. The main intervention groups were prevocational training programmes, transitional employment interventions, supported employment, supported employment augmented with other specific interventions, and psychiatric care only.

Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently identified trials, performed data extraction, including adverse events, and assessed trial quality. We performed direct meta-analyses and a network meta-analysis including measurements of the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA). We assessed the quality of the evidence for outcomes within the network meta-analysis according to GRADE.

Main results: We included 48 randomised controlled trials involving 8743 participants. Of these, 30 studied supported employment, 13 augmented supported employment, 17 prevocational training, and 6 transitional employment. Psychiatric care only was the control condition in 13 studies. Direct comparison meta-analysis of obtaining competitive employmentWe could include 18 trials with short-term follow-up in a direct meta-analysis (N = 2291) of the following comparisons. Supported employment was more effective than prevocational training (RR 2.52, 95% CI 1.21 to 5.24) and transitional employment (RR 3.49, 95% CI 1.77 to 6.89) and prevocational training was more effective than psychiatric care only (RR 8.96, 95% CI 1.77 to 45.51) in obtaining competitive employment.For the long-term follow-up direct meta-analysis, we could include 22 trials (N = 5233). Augmented supported employment (RR 4.32, 95% CI 1.49 to 12.48), supported employment (RR 1.51, 95% CI 1.36 to 1.68) and prevocational training (RR 2.19, 95% CI 1.07 to 4.46) were more effective than psychiatric care only. Augmented supported employment was more effective than supported employment (RR 1.94, 95% CI 1.03 to 3.65), transitional employment (RR 2.45, 95% CI 1.69 to 3.55) and prevocational training (RR 5.42, 95% CI 1.08 to 27.11). Supported employment was more effective than transitional employment (RR 3.28, 95% CI 2.13 to 5.04) and prevocational training (RR 2.31, 95% CI 1.85 to 2.89). Network meta-analysis of obtaining competitive employmentWe could include 22 trials with long-term follow-up in a network meta-analysis.Augmented supported employment was the most effective intervention versus psychiatric care only in obtaining competitive employment (RR 3.81, 95% CI 1.99 to 7.31, SUCRA 98.5, moderate-quality evidence), followed by supported employment (RR 2.72 95% CI 1.55 to 4.76; SUCRA 76.5, low-quality evidence).Prevocational training (RR 1.26, 95% CI 0.73 to 2.19; SUCRA 40.3, very low-quality evidence) and transitional employment were not considerably different from psychiatric care only (RR 1.00,95% CI 0.51 to 1.96; SUCRA 17.2, low-quality evidence) in achieving competitive employment, but prevocational training stood out in the SUCRA value and rank.Augmented supported employment was slightly better than supported employment, but not significantly (RR 1.40, 95% CI 0.92 to 2.14). The SUCRA value and mean rank were higher for augmented supported employment.The results of the network meta-analysis of the intervention subgroups favoured augmented supported employment interventions, but also cognitive training. However, supported employment augmented with symptom-related skills training showed the best results (RR compared to psychiatric care only 3.61 with 95% CI 1.03 to 12.63, SUCRA 80.3).We graded the quality of the evidence of the network ranking as very low because of potential risk of bias in the included studies, inconsistency and publication bias. Direct meta-analysis of maintaining competitive employment Based on the direct meta-analysis of the short-term follow-up of maintaining employment, supported employment was more effective than: psychiatric care only, transitional employment, prevocational training, and augmented supported employment.In the long-term follow-up direct meta-analysis, augmented supported employment was more effective than prevocational training (MD 22.79 weeks, 95% CI 15.96 to 29.62) and supported employment (MD 10.09, 95% CI 0.32 to 19.85) in maintaining competitive employment. Participants receiving supported employment worked more weeks than those receiving transitional employment (MD 17.36, 95% CI 11.53 to 23.18) or prevocational training (MD 11.56, 95% CI 5.99 to 17.13).We did not find differences between interventions in the risk of dropouts or hospital admissions.

Authors' conclusions: Supported employment and augmented supported employment were the most effective interventions for people with severe mental illness in terms of obtaining and maintaining employment, based on both the direct comparison analysis and the network meta-analysis, without increasing the risk of adverse events. These results are based on moderate- to low-quality evidence, meaning that future studies with lower risk of bias could change these results. Augmented supported employment may be slightly more effective compared to supported employment alone. However, this difference was small, based on the direct comparison analysis, and further decreased with the network meta-analysis meaning that this difference should be interpreted cautiously. More studies on maintaining competitive employment are needed to get a better understanding of whether the costs and efforts are worthwhile in the long term for both the individual and society.

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Conflict of interest statement

Yvonne Suijkerbuijk: None known.

Joost van Mechelen: None known.

Anneli Ojajärvi: None known.

Johannes Anema: I am a consultant for Evalua Nederland BV, that sells a health checklist to large employers and insurance companies to improve work ability and reduce future work disability. I also own Evalua Nederland BV stocks. I regularly receive travel and accommodation costs and sometimes speaker fees to present research results, including those of this review. I supervise a PhD student funded by a grant from Instituut GAK. I have also received a grant and travel support from Instituut GAK. I am an editor of the Handbook of Work Disability that includes part of the review results. I hold a chair (0.4 FTE) endowed by the Dutch Workers Compensation board.

Marc Corbiere: None known.

Frederieke G Schaafsma: None known.

Figures

1
1
PRISMA Study flow diagram
2
2
Network plot of direct comparisons of intervention main groups (long‐term follow‐up). Psych care: psychiatric care only; PVT: prevocational training; SE: supported employment; SE+: augmented supported employment; TE: transitional employment
3
3
Network plot of direct comparisons of intervention subgroups (long‐term follow‐up). CH: Clubhouse; CT: cognitive training; hf IPS: high‐fidelity Individual Placement and Support; job : job‐related skills training; lf IPS: low‐fidelity Individual Placement and Support; Psych care: psychiatric care only; SE + ACT: supported employment + assertive community treatment; SE + job: supported employment + job‐related skills training; SE + symp: supported employment + symptom‐related skills training; SE + TE: supported employment + transitional employment; SST: social skills training; SWS: sheltered workshops
4
4
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
5
5
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
6
6
Network meta‐analysis estimates of intervention benefit. CI: confidence interval; Psych care: psychiatric care only; PVT: prevocational employment; RR: risk ratio; SE: supported employment; SE+: augmented supported employment; TE: transitional employment;
7
7
Plots of the surface under the cumulative ranking curves (SUCRAs) for the interventions included in the network (long‐term follow‐up). PVT: prevocational training; Psych care: psychiatric care only; SE: supported employment; SE+: augmented supported employment; TE: transitional employment
8
8
Effectiveness of intervention subgroups in obtaining competitive employment (long‐term follow‐up). CH: Clubhouse; CI: confidence interval; CT: cognitive training; hf IPS: high‐fidelity Individual Placement and Support; job training: job‐related skills training; lf IPS: low‐fidelity Individual Placement and Support;Psych care only: psychiatric care only; RR: risk ratio; SE + ACT: supported employment + assertive community treatment; SE + job: supported employment + job‐related skills training; SE + symp: supported employment + symptom‐related skills training; SE + TE: supported employment + transitional employment; SST: social skills training; SWS: sheltered workshops
9
9
Plots of the surface under the cumulative ranking curves (SUCRAs) for the interventions subgroups included in the network (long‐term follow‐up) CH: Clubhouse; CT: cognitive training; hf IPS: high‐fidelity Individual Placement and Support; job: job‐related skills training; lf IPS: low‐fidelity Individual Placement and Support;Psych care: psychiatric care only; SE + ACT: supported employment + assertive community treatment; SE + job: supported employment + job‐related skills training; SE + symp: supported employment + symptom‐related skills training; SE + TE: supported employment + transitional employment; SST: social skills training; SWS: sheltered workshops
10
10
Inconsistency plots for long‐term follow‐up and loop‐specific heterogeneity estimates. PVT: prevocational training; Psych care: psychiatric care only; ROR: risk odds ratio; SE: supported employment; SE+: augmented supported employment; TE: transitional employment
11
11
Loop‐specific inconsistency in intervention subgroup network (long‐term follow‐up). hf IPS: high‐fidelity Individual Placement and Support; job: job‐related skills training; lf IPS: low‐fidelity Individual Placement and Support;Psych care: psychiatric care only; SE: supported employment;TE: transitional employment; SWS: sheltered workshops
12
12
Study limitations distribution for each network estimate for pairwise comparisons. Calculations are based on the contributions of direct evidence to the network estimates. The colours represent the risk of bias. PVT: prevocational training; Psych care: psychiatric care only; SE: supported employment; SE+: augmented supported employment; TE: transitional employment
13
13
Contribution matrix: Percentage contribution of each direct estimate to the NMA estimates. PVT: prevocational training; Psych care: psychiatric care only; SE: supported employment; SE+: augmented supported employment; TE: transitional employment
14
14
Comparison‐adjusted funnel plot for the network of intervention for obtaining competitive employment for people with severe mental illness (long‐term follow‐up). The black line represents the null hypothesis that the study‐specific effect sizes do not differ from the respective comparison‐specific pooled effect estimates. The blue line is the regression line. The interventions are ordered based on their focus on competitive job search. Missing small studies on the right side of the zero line (means ratio of RR > 1) suggests that small studies tend to exaggerate the effectiveness of interventions with more focus on competitive job search. PVT: prevocational training; Psych care: psychiatric care only; RR: risk ratio; SE: supported employment; SE+: augmented supported employment; TE: transitional employment
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any intervention to improve obtaining employment compared to another intervention in adults with severe mental illness, Outcome 1 Obtaining competitive employment, short‐term follow‐up (≤ 1 year).
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any intervention to improve obtaining employment compared to another intervention in adults with severe mental illness, Outcome 2 Obtaining competitive employment, long‐term follow‐up (> 1 year).
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Any intervention to improve maintaining employment compared to another intervention in adults with severe mental illness, Outcome 1 Weeks in competitive employment, short‐term follow‐up (≤ 1 year).
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Any intervention to improve maintaining employment compared to another intervention in adults with severe mental illness, Outcome 2 Weeks in competitive employment, long‐term follow‐up (> 1 year).
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Any intervention to improve obtaining employment compared to another intervention in adults with severe mental illness, Outcome 1 Days to first competitive employment, short‐term follow‐up (≤ 1 year).
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Any intervention to improve obtaining employment compared to another intervention in adults with severe mental illness, Outcome 2 Days to first competitive employment, long‐term follow‐up (> 1 year).
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Any intervention to improve obtaining employment compared to another intervention in adults with severe mental illness, Outcome 1 Obtaining non‐competitive employment, short‐term follow‐up (≤ 1 year).
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Any intervention to improve obtaining employment compared to another intervention in adults with severe mental illness, Outcome 2 Obtaining non‐competitive employment, long‐term follow‐up (> 1 year).
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Any intervention to improve obtaining or maintaining employment compared to another intervention in adults with severe mental illness, Outcome 1 Quality of life, long‐term follow up (> 1 year).
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Any intervention to improve obtaining or maintaining employment compared to another intervention in adults with severe mental illness, Outcome 1 Mental health long‐term follow‐up (> 1 year).
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Any intervention to improve obtaining or maintaining employment compared to another intervention in adults with severe mental illness, Outcome 1 Dropouts, short‐term follow‐up (≤ 1 year).
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 Any intervention to improve obtaining or maintaining employment compared to another intervention in adults with severe mental illness, Outcome 2 Dropouts, long‐term follow‐up (> 1 year).
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Any intervention to improve obtaining or maintaining employment compared to another intervention in adults with severe mental illness, Outcome 1 Hospital admissions, short‐term follow‐up (≤ 1 year).
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 Any intervention to improve obtaining or maintaining employment compared to another intervention in adults with severe mental illness, Outcome 2 Hospital admissions, long‐term follow‐up (> 1 year).
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Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011867

References

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McGurk 2007 {published data only}
    1. McGurk SR, Mueser KT, Pascaris A. Cognitive training and supported employment for persons with severe mental illness: one‐year results from a randomized controlled trial. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2005;31(4):898‐909. - PubMed
    1. McGurk, SR, Mueser KT, Feldman K, Wolfe R, Pascaris A. Cognitive training for supported employment: 2‐3 year outcomes of a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry 2007;164:437‐41. - PubMed
McGurk 2009 {published data only}
    1. McGurk SR, Mueser KT, DeRosa TJ, Wolfe R. Work, recovery, and comorbidity in schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial of cognitive remediation. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2009;35(2):319‐35. - PMC - PubMed
Michon 2014 {published data only}
    1. Michon H, Busschbach JT, Stant AD, Vugt MD, Weeghel J, Kroon H. Effectiveness of individual placement and support for people with severe mental illness in the Netherlands: a 30‐month randomized controlled trial. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2014;37(2):129‐36. - PubMed
    1. Stant AD, Busschbach JT, Vugt M, Michon H. A rehabilitation intervention to help people with severe mental illness obtain and keep a paid job: the economic evaluation. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics 2013;6:S32.
    1. Busschbach JT, Michon H, Vugt M, Stant AD, Aerts‐Roorda LC, Erp N. Effectiveness of individual placement and support in the Netherlands. Final report of a randomised controlled trial. Part 2: Findings after 30 months follow‐up [Effectiviteit van Individuele Plaatsing en Steun in Nederland. Eindverslag van een gerandomiseerde gecontroleerde effectstudie Deel 2: Bevindingen na 30 maanden follow‐up]. Rob Giel Onderzoekcentrum, Groningen & Trimbos‐instituut, Utrecht (Dutch research report) 2011.
Mueser 2004 {published data only}
    1. Mueser KT, Becker DR, Wolfe R. Supported employment, job preferences, job tenure and satisfaction. Journal of Mental Health 2001;10(4):411‐17.
    1. Mueser KT, Bond GR, Essock SM, Clark RE, Carpenter‐Song E, Drake RE, et al. The effects of supported employment in Latino consumers with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2014;37(2):113‐22. - PubMed
    1. Mueser KT, Clark RE, Haines M, Drake RE, McHugo GJ, Bond GR, et al. The Hartford study of supported employment for persons with severe mental illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2004;72(3):479‐90. - PubMed
    1. Mueser KT, Essock SM, Haines M, Wolfe R, Xie H. Posttraumatic stress disorder, supported employment, and outcomes in people with severe mental illness. CNS Spectrums 2004;9(12):913‐25. - PubMed
Nuechterlein 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bond GR, Drake RE, Luciano A. Employment and educational outcomes in early intervention programmes for early psychosis: a systematic review. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 2015;24(5):446‐57. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Nuechterlein KH, Subotnik KL, Turner LR, Ventura J, Becker DR, Drake RE. Individual placement and support for individuals with recent‐onset schizophrenia: Integrating supported education and supported employment. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2008;31(4):340‐9. - PubMed
    1. Nuechterlein KH, Subotnik KL, Turner LR, Ventura J, Gitlin MJ, Gretchen‐Doorly D, et al. Individual placement and support after an initial episode of schizophrenia: impact on school or work recovery, hospitalization and utilization of disability support. Early Intervention in Psychiatry. 2012; Vol. 6, issue Suppl. 1:14.
O'Brien 2003 {published data only}
    1. O’Brien A, Price C, Burns T, Perkins C. Improving the vocational status of patients with long‐term mental illness: a randomised controlled trial of staff training. Community Mental Health Journal 2003;39(4):333‐47. - PubMed
Oshima 2014 {published data only}
    1. Oshima I, Sono T, Bond GR, Nishio M, Ito J. A randomized controlled trial of individual placement and support in Japan. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2014;37(2):137‐43. - PubMed
Penk 2010 {published data only}
    1. Penk W, Drebing CE, Rosenheck RA, Krebs C, Ormer A, Mueller L. Veterans Health Administration transitional work experience vs. job placement in veterans with co‐morbid substance use and non‐psychotic psychiatric disorders. Psychatric Rehabilitation Journal 2010;33(4):297‐307. - PubMed
Schonebaum 2006 {published data only}
    1. Gold PB, Macias C, Rodican CF. Does competitive work improve quality of life for adults with severe mental illness? Evidence from a randomized trial of supported employment. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research 2016;43(2):155‐71. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Macias C, DeCarlo LT, Wang Q, Frey J, Barreira P. Work interest as a predictor of competitive employment: policy implications for psychiatric rehabilitation. Administration and Policy in Mental Health 2001;28(4):279‐97. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Macias C, Rodican CF, Hargreaves WA, Jones DR, Barreira PJ, Wang Q. Supported employment outcomes of a randomized controlled trial of ACT and Clubhouse models. Psychiatric Services 2006;57(10):1406‐15. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Schonebaum AD, Boyd JK. Work‐ordered day as a catalyst of competitive employment success. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2012;35(5):391. - PubMed
    1. Schonebaum AD, Boyd JK, Dudek KJ. A comparison of competitive employment outcomes for the Clubhouse and PACT models. Psychiatric Services 2006;57(10):1416‐20. - PubMed
Tsang 2001 {published data only}
    1. Tsang HWH. Rehab rounds: social skills training to help mentally ill persons find and keep a job. Psychiatric Services 2001;52(7):891‐4. - PubMed
    1. Tsang HWH, Pearson V. Work‐related social skills training for people with schizophrenia in Hong Kong. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2001;27(1):139‐48. - PubMed
Tsang 2010 {published data only}
    1. Tsang HWH. Supported employment versus traditional vocational rehabilitation for individuals with severe mental illness: a three‐year study. Hong Kong Medical Journal 2011;17(Suppl 2):S13‐7. - PubMed
    1. Tsang HWH, Chan A, Wong A, Liberman RP. Vocational outcomes of an integrated supported employment program for individuals with persistent and severe mental illness. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2009;40(2):292‐305. - PubMed
    1. Tsang HWH, Fung KM, Leung AY, Li SM, Cheung WM. Three year follow‐up study of an integrated supported employment for individuals with severe mental illness. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2010;44(1):49‐58. - PubMed
Twamley 2012a {published data only}
    1. Twamley EW, Narvaez JM, Becker DR, Bartels SJ, Jeste DV. Supported employment for middle‐aged and older people with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation 2008;11:76‐89. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Twamley EW, Vella L, Burton CZ, Becker DR, Bell MD, Jeste DV. The efficacy of supported employment for middle‐aged and older people with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2012;135:100‐4. - PMC - PubMed
Viering 2015 {published data only}
    1. Landolt K, Brantchen E, Nordt C, Bärtch B, Kawohl W, Rössler W. Associations of supported employment with cognitive functioning and employment outcomes. Psychiatric Services 2016;67(11):1257‐61. - PubMed
    1. Viering S, Bärtsch B, Obermann C, Rüsch N, Rössler W, Kawohl W. The effectiveness of individual placement and support for people with mental illness new on social benefits: a study protocol. BMC Psychiatry 2013;13:195. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Viering S, Jäger M, Bärtsch B, Nordt C, Rössler W, Warnke I, et al. Supported employment for the reintegration of disability pensioners with mental illnesses: a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Public Health 2015;3(237):1‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Waghorn 2014 {published data only}
    1. Waghorn G, Childs S, Hampton E, Gladman B, Greaves A, Bowman D. Enhancing community mental health services through formal partnerships with supported employment providers. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation 2012;15:157‐80.
    1. Waghorn G, Dias S, Gladman B, Harris M, Saha S. A multi‐site randomised controlled trial of evidence‐based supported employment for adults with severe and persistent mental illness. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 2014;61:424‐36. - PubMed
Walker 1969 {published data only}
    1. Walker R, Winick W, Frost ES, Lieberman JM. Social restoration of hospitalised psychiatric patients through a program of special employment in industry. Rehabilitation Literature 1969;30(10):297‐303. - PubMed
Wong 2008 {published data only}
    1. Wong K, Chiu R, Tang B, Mak D, Liu J, Chiu SN. A randomized controlled trial of a supported employment program for persons with long‐term mental illness in Hong Kong. Psychiatric Services 2008;59(1):84‐90. - PubMed
Xiang 2007 {published data only}
    1. Xiang YT, Weng YZ, Li WY, Gao L, Chen GL, Xie L, et al. Efficacy of the Community Re‐Entry Module for patients with schizophrenia in Beijing, China: outcome at 2‐year follow‐up. British Journal of Psychiatry 2007;190:49‐56. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Audini 1994 {published data only}
    1. Audini B, Marks IM, Lawrence, RE, Connolly J, Watts V. Home‐based versus out‐patient/in‐patient care for people with serious mental illness. Phase II of a controlled study. The British Journal of Psychiatry 1994;165(2):204‐10. - PubMed
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Bateman 1999 {published data only}
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Bayer 2008 {published data only}
    1. Bayer W, Köster M, Salize HJ, Höhl W, Machleidt W, Wiedl KH, et al. Longer‐term effects of inpatient vocational and ergotherapeutic measures on the vocational integration of patients with schizophrenia [Längerfristige Auswirkungen stationärer arbeits‐ und ergotherapeutischer Maßnahmen auf die berufliche Integration schizophrener Patienten]. Psychiatrische Praxis 2008;35(4):170‐4. - PubMed
Becker 2007 {published data only}
    1. Becker D, Whitley R, Bailey EL, Drake RE. Long‐term employment trajectories among participants with severe mental illness in supported employment. Psychiatric Services 2007;58(7):922‐8. - PubMed
Bell 1996 {published data only}
    1. Bell MD, Lysaker PH. Clinical benefits of paid work activity in schizophrenia: 1‐year follow up. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1997;23(2):317‐28. - PubMed
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Bell 2003 {published data only}
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Bell 2005 {published data only}
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Bell 2008b {published data only}
    1. Bell MD, Zito W, Greig T, Wexler BE. Neurocognitive enhancement therapy with vocational services: work outcomes at two‐year follow‐up. Schizophrenia Research 2008;1‐3:18‐29. - PubMed
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Bell 2014 {published data only}
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Bertelsen 2008 {published data only}
    1. Bertelsen M, Jeppesen P, Petersen L, Thorup A, Øhlenschlaeger J, Quach P, Christensen TØ, Krarup G, et al. First episode of psychosis intensive early intervention programme versus standard treatment‐‐secondary publication. Ugeskrift for Laeger 2009;171(41):2992‐5. - PubMed
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    1. Hastrup LH, Kronborg C, Bertelsen M, Jeppesen P, Jorgensen P, Petersen L, et al. Cost‐effectiveness of early intervention in first‐episode psychosis: economic evaluation of a randomised controlled trial (the OPUS study). British Journal of Psychiatry 2013;1:35‐41. - PubMed
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Bond 2016 {published data only}
    1. Bond GR, Drake RE, Campbell K. Effectiveness of individual placement and support supported employment for young adults. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2016;10(4):300‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Cook 2005 {published data only}
    1. Burke‐Miller JK, Cook JA, Grey DD, Razzano LA, Blyler CR, Leff HS, et al. Demographic characteristics and employment among people with severe mental illness in a multisite study. Community Mental Health Journal 2006;42(2):143‐59. - PubMed
    1. Cook JA, Blyler CR, Burke‐Miller JK, McFarlane WR, Leff HS, Mueser KT, et al. Effectiveness of supported employment for individuals with schizophrenia: results of a multi‐site, randomized trial. Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses 2008;1:37‐46.
    1. Cook JA, Blyler CR, Leff HS, McFarlane WR, Goldberg RW, Gold PB, et al. The employment intervention demonstration program: major findings and policy implications. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2008;31(4):291‐5. - PubMed
    1. Cook JA, Carey MA, Razzano LA, Burke J, Blyler CR. The pioneer: the employment intervention demonstration program. New Directions for Evaluation 2002;94:31‐44.
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Cook 2009 {published data only}
    1. Cook S, Chambers E, Coleman JH. Occupational therapy for people with psychotic conditions in community settings: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2009;23(1):40‐52. - PubMed
Davis 2012 {published data only}
    1. Davis LL, Leon AC, Toscano R, Drebing CE, Ward LC, Parker PE, et al. A randomized controlled trial of supported employment among veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatric Services 2012;63(5):464‐70. - PubMed
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Davis 2015 {published data only}
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Fowler 2009 {published data only}
    1. Fowler D, Hodgekins J, Painter M, Reilly T, Crane C, Macmillan I, et al. Cognitive behaviour therapy for improving social recovery in psychosis: a report from the ISREP MRC Trial Platform study (Improving Social Recovery in Early Psychosis). Psychological Medicine 2009;39:1627‐36. - PubMed
Granholm 2014 {published data only}
    1. Granholm E, Holden J, Link PC, McQuaid JR. Randomized clinical trial of cognitive behavioral social skills training for schizophrenia: improvement in functioning and experiential negative symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2014;82(6):1173‐85. - PMC - PubMed
Griffiths 1974 {published data only}
    1. Griffiths RD. Rehabilitation of chronic psychotic patients. An assessment of their psychological handicap, an evaluation of the effectiveness of rehabilitation, and observations of the factors which predict outcome. Psycholical Medicine 1974;4(3):316‐25. - PubMed
Hamilton 2000 {published data only}
    1. Hamilton SH, Edgell ET, Revicki DA, Breier A. Functional outcomes in schizophrenia: a comparison of olanzapine and haloperidol in a European sample. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 2000;15(5):245‐55. - PubMed
Hasslet 2014 {published data only}
    1. Haslett WR, McHugo GJ, Bond GR, Drake RE. Use of software for tablet computers to promote engagement with supported employment: results from an RCT. Psychiatric Services 2014;65(7):954‐6. - PubMed
Hirschfeld 2002 {published data only}
    1. Hirschfeld RM, Dunner DL, Keitner G, Klein DN, Koran LM, Kornstein SG, et al. Does psychosocial functioning improve independent of depressive symptoms? A comparison of nefazodone, psychotherapy, and their combination. Biological Psychiatry 2002;51(2):123‐33. - PubMed
Hogarty 2004 {published data only}
    1. Hogarty GE, Flesher S, Ulrich R, Carter M, Greenwald D, Pogue‐Geile M, et al. Archives of General Psychiatry. Cognitive enhancement therapy for schizophrenia: effects of a 2‐year randomized trial on cognition and behavior 2004;61(9):866‐76. - PubMed
Jager 2013 {published data only}
    1. Jager M, Paras S, Nordt C, Warnke I, Bartsch B, Rossler W, Kawohl W. How sustainable is supported employment? A follow‐up investigation. Neuropsychiatrie 2013;27(4):196‐201. - PubMed
Kidd 2014 {published data only}
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Kline 1981 {published data only}
    1. Kline MN, Hoisington V. Placing the psychiatrically disabled: a look at work values. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin 1981;24(5):366‐9.
Kopelowicz 1998 {published data only}
    1. Kopelowicz A. Adapting social skills training for Latinos with schizophrenia. International Review of Psychiatry 1998;10:47‐50.
Kuldau 1977 {published data only}
    1. Kuldau JM, Dirks SJ. Controlled evaluation of a hospital‐originated community transitional system. Archives of General Psychiatry 1977;34(11):1331‐40. - PubMed
Kurtz 2013 {published data only}
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Kurtz 2015 {published data only}
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Liberman 1998 {published data only}
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Lindenmayer 2008 {published data only}
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Lucca 2004 {published data only}
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Luo 1994 {published data only}
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Lysaker 2005 {published data only}
    1. Davis LW, Ringer JM, Strasburger AM, Lysaker PH. Participant evaluation of a CBT program for enhancing work function in schizophrenia. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2008;32(1):55‐8. - PubMed
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    1. Lysaker PH, Davis LW, Beattie N. Effects of cognitive behavioral therapy and vocational rehabilitation on metacognition and coping in schizophrenia. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 2006;1:25‐30.
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Lysaker 2009 {published data only}
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Man 2012 {published data only}
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McFarlane 2015 {published data only}
    1. Carrión RE, Cornblatt BA, Burton CZ, Tso IF, Auther AM, Adelsheim S, et al. Personalized prediction of psychosis: external validation of the NAPLS‐2 Psychosis Risk Calculator with the EDIPPP Project. American Journal of Psychiatry 2016;173(10):989‐96. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. McFarlane WR, Levin B, Travis L, Lucas FL, Lynch S, Verdi M, et al. Clinical and functional outcomes after 2 years in the early detection and intervention for the prevention of psychosis multisite effectiveness trial. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2015;41(1):30‐43. - PMC - PubMed
McGrew 2005 {published data only}
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McGurk 2003 {published data only}
    1. McGurk SR, Mueser KT. Cognitive and clinical predictors of work outcomes in clients with schizophrenia receiving supported employment services: 4‐year follow‐up. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research 2006;33(5):598‐606. - PubMed
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Mueser 2005 {published data only}
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Mueser 2011 {published data only}
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Okpaku 1997 {published data only}
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Resnick 2008 {published data only}
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Rinaldi 2010 {published data only}
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Roder 2002 {published data only}
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Rogers 2006 {published data only}
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Rosen 2014 {published data only}
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Rus 2013 {published data only}
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Sato 2014 {published data only}
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Shi 2002 {published data only}
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Bejerholm 2017 {published data only}
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References to ongoing studies

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