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Review
. 2015 Jun;23(2):191-200.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.12.001. Epub 2015 Feb 14.

Recent developments in blood glucose sensors

Hui-Chen Wang  1 , An-Rong Lee  2
Affiliations
Review

Recent developments in blood glucose sensors

Hui-Chen Wang et al. J Food Drug Anal. 2015 Jun.

Abstract

Diabetes has recently become a leading cause of death worldwide. To date, although there is no means to cure or prevent diabetes, appropriate medication and blood sugar monitoring can enhance treatment efficiency, alleviate the symptoms, and diminish the complications of the condition. This review article deals with current growth areas in the market for blood glucose sensors and possible future alternatives, which are generally considered to be the point sample test and the continuous glucose monitor (CGM). Most glucose sensors are enzyme-based, whereas others are enzyme-free. The former class is sensitive and some products are extensively employed for daily self-sensing and in hospital environments as reliable diagnostic tools. The latter class, particularly the boronic acid fluorescent sensor, is facile and extremely promising. Practicality demands that all types of sensors offer accuracy, specificity, and real-time detection.

Keywords: blood glucose monitoring; boronic acid; molecular recognition; saccharides.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Linear and cyclic form of d-glucose.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Common oligosaccharides and their analogs.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Enzyme-based electrode with glucose oxidase and mediators [29,31].
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Principle of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from Concanavalin A (Con A) to dextran by adding glucose [36].
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
The nitrogen–boron interaction in boronate esters (1) (not solvent-inserted) and (2) (solvent-inserted).
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Structures of N-methyl-o-(aminomethyl) phenylboronic acid (3) and bis-boronic acid (4).
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Schematic representation of the Fluorophore-Spacer-Receptor design assembly for fluorescence photo induced energy transfer (PET) sensory system [50].
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Gold electrode surfaced functionalized with a pyrene-based bis-boronic acid [37,51].
Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Reaction of d-glucose and o-toluidine.
Scheme 2
Scheme 2
Oxidation of d-glucose catalyzed by glucose oxidase.
Scheme 3
Scheme 3
Reaction of glucose oxidation with flavin adenine dinucleotide–glucose oxidase (FAD-GOx) and reversible oxidation of FAD [22].
Scheme 4
Scheme 4
d-Glucose catalyzed by hexokinase forms d-glucose-6-phosphate.
Scheme 5
Scheme 5
Interaction of phenylboronic with 1,2- and 1,3-diols to form cyclic boronate esters [46].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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