The potential of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peel extract, combined with demineralized freeze-dried bovine bone xenograft, to reduce ridge resorption and alveolar bone regeneration in preserving the tooth extraction socket

Abstract

Background: Following the extraction of a tooth, bone resorption can cause significant problems for a subsequent denture implant and restorative dentistry. Thus, the tooth extraction socket needs to be maintained to reduce the chance of any alveolar ridge bone resorption.

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine whether the administration of mangosteen peel extracts (MPEs), combined with demineralized freeze-dried bovine bone xenograft (DFBBX) materials for tooth extraction socket preservation, could potentially reduce inflammation by decreased the expression of nuclear factor κβ (NfKb) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κβ ligand (RANKL), to inhibit alveolar bone resorption, and increased of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) expressions to accelerate alveolar bone regeneration.

Materials and methods: This study consists of several stages. First, a dosage of MPE combined with graft materials was applied to a preserved tooth extraction socket of a Cavia cobaya. Second, the C. cobaya was examined using immune histochemical expression of NfKb, RANKL, BMP2, as well as histology of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The research was statistically analyzed, using an analysis of variance test and Tukey honest significant difference test.

Results: The results of this research were that it was determined that MPEs combined with graft materials on a preserved tooth extraction socket can reduce NfKb, RANK, and osteoclasts also increase of BMP2 and osteoblast.

Conclusion: The induction of MPEs and DFBBX is effective in reducing inflammation, lowering osteoclasts, decreasing alveolar bone resorption, and also increasing BMP2 expression and alveolar bone regeneration.

Keywords: Bone morphogenetic protein-2; graft materials; mangosteen peel extracts; nuclear factor κβ; preserved tooth extraction socket; receptor activator of nuclear factor-κβ ligand expressions.

Figure 1

Mean of osteoblast and osteoclast, axis X: Account of osteoclast and osteoblast. Axis Y: treatment filled socket with PEG (control), DFDBBX + PEG (Graft), MPE + PEG and combination of MPE + DFDBBX + PEG at 7 and 30 days. PEG: Polyethylene glycol, DFDBBX: Demineralized freeze dried bovine bone xenograft, MPE: Mangosteen peel extract

Figure 2

Figure Microscopic of osteoblast and osteoclats at 30 days. (a). Filled socket with PEG; (b). Filled socket with DFDBBX + PEG; (c). Filled socket with Manggosteen peel extract + PEG; (d). Filled socket with combination of Mangosteen peel extract + DFDBBX + PEG. Black arrow show Osteoblast. White arrow show Osteoclast

Figure 3

Osteoblast, osteoclast, RANKL, NfKb, and BMP2 at 7 days and 30 days. Axis X: Account of Osteoblast, osteoclats, expression of RANKL, NfKb, and BMP2. Axis Y: Treatment filled socket with PEG (control), DFBBX + PEG (graft), MPEs + PEG and combination MPE + DFBBX + PEG at 7 and 30 days. RANKL: Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κβ ligand, NfKb: Nuclear factor κβ, BMP2: Bone morphogenetic protein-2, PEG: Polyethylene glycol, MPE: Mangosteen peel extract, DFBBX: Demineralized freeze dried bovine bone xenograft

Figure 4

Microscopic figure of expression of RANKL at 30 days. (a) Filled with PEG; (b) filled with DFDBBX + PEG; (c) filled with MPE + PEG; (d) filled with combination of MPE + DFDBBX + PEG. Black arrow show RANKL expression. RANKL: Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κβ ligand, DFDBBX: Demineralized freeze dried bovine bone xenograft, MPE: Mangosteen peel extract, PEG: Poly etylene glycol

Figure 5

Microscopic figure of NfKb expression at 30 days. (a) Filled with PEG; (b) filled with DFDBBX + PEG; (c) filled with MPE + PEG; (d) filled with combination of MPE + DFDBBX + PEG. Black arrow shows NfKb expression. NfKb: Nuclear factor κβ, DFDBBX: Demineralized freeze dried bovine bone xenograft, MPE: Mangosteen peel extract, PEG: Poly etylene glycol

Figure 6

Microscopic figure of BMP2 expression at 30 days. (a) Filled socket with PEG; (b) filled socket with DFDBBX + PEG; (c) Filled socket with mangosteen peel extract + PEG; (d) filled with combination of mangosteen peel extract + DFDBBX + PEG. Black arrow show BMP2 expression. BMP2: Bone morphogenetic protein-2, DFDBBX: Demineralized freeze dried bovine bone xenograft, PEG: Poly etylene glycol