Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2017 Sep 25;9(9):CD011479.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011479.pub2.

Personalised digital interventions for reducing hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption in community-dwelling populations

Eileen Fs Kaner  1 , Fiona R Beyer, Claire Garnett, David Crane, Jamie Brown, Colin Muirhead, James Redmore, Amy O'Donnell, James J Newham, Frank de Vocht, Matthew Hickman, Heather Brown, Gregory Maniatopoulos, Susan Michie
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Personalised digital interventions for reducing hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption in community-dwelling populations

Eileen Fs Kaner et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Excessive alcohol use contributes significantly to physical and psychological illness, injury and death, and a wide array of social harm in all age groups. A proven strategy for reducing excessive alcohol consumption levels is to offer a brief conversation-based intervention in primary care settings, but more recent technological innovations have enabled people to interact directly via computer, mobile device or smartphone with digital interventions designed to address problem alcohol consumption.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of digital interventions for reducing hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption, alcohol-related problems, or both, in people living in the community, specifically: (i) Are digital interventions more effective and cost-effective than no intervention (or minimal input) controls? (ii) Are digital interventions at least equally effective as face-to-face brief alcohol interventions? (iii) What are the effective component behaviour change techniques (BCTs) of such interventions and their mechanisms of action? (iv) What theories or models have been used in the development and/or evaluation of the intervention? Secondary objectives were (i) to assess whether outcomes differ between trials where the digital intervention targets participants attending health, social care, education or other community-based settings and those where it is offered remotely via the internet or mobile phone platforms; (ii) to specify interventions according to their mode of delivery (e.g. functionality features) and assess the impact of mode of delivery on outcomes.

Search methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ERIC, HTA and Web of Knowledge databases; ClinicalTrials.com and WHO ICTRP trials registers and relevant websites to April 2017. We also checked the reference lists of included trials and relevant systematic reviews.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effectiveness of digital interventions compared with no intervention or with face-to-face interventions for reducing hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption in people living in the community and reported a measure of alcohol consumption.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures expected by The Cochrane Collaboration.

Main results: We included 57 studies which randomised a total of 34,390 participants. The main sources of bias were from attrition and participant blinding (36% and 21% of studies respectively, high risk of bias). Forty one studies (42 comparisons, 19,241 participants) provided data for the primary meta-analysis, which demonstrated that participants using a digital intervention drank approximately 23 g alcohol weekly (95% CI 15 to 30) (about 3 UK units) less than participants who received no or minimal interventions at end of follow up (moderate-quality evidence).Fifteen studies (16 comparisons, 10,862 participants) demonstrated that participants who engaged with digital interventions had less than one drinking day per month fewer than no intervention controls (moderate-quality evidence), 15 studies (3587 participants) showed about one binge drinking session less per month in the intervention group compared to no intervention controls (moderate-quality evidence), and in 15 studies (9791 participants) intervention participants drank one unit per occasion less than no intervention control participants (moderate-quality evidence).Only five small studies (390 participants) compared digital and face-to-face interventions. There was no difference in alcohol consumption at end of follow up (MD 0.52 g/week, 95% CI -24.59 to 25.63; low-quality evidence). Thus, digital alcohol interventions produced broadly similar outcomes in these studies. No studies reported whether any adverse effects resulted from the interventions.A median of nine BCTs were used in experimental arms (range = 1 to 22). 'B' is an estimate of effect (MD in quantity of drinking, expressed in g/week) per unit increase in the BCT, and is a way to report whether individual BCTs are linked to the effect of the intervention. The BCTs of goal setting (B -43.94, 95% CI -78.59 to -9.30), problem solving (B -48.03, 95% CI -77.79 to -18.27), information about antecedents (B -74.20, 95% CI -117.72 to -30.68), behaviour substitution (B -123.71, 95% CI -184.63 to -62.80) and credible source (B -39.89, 95% CI -72.66 to -7.11) were significantly associated with reduced alcohol consumption in unadjusted models. In a multivariable model that included BCTs with B > 23 in the unadjusted model, the BCTs of behaviour substitution (B -95.12, 95% CI -162.90 to -27.34), problem solving (B -45.92, 95% CI -90.97 to -0.87), and credible source (B -32.09, 95% CI -60.64 to -3.55) were associated with reduced alcohol consumption.The most frequently mentioned theories or models in the included studies were Motivational Interviewing Theory (7/20), Transtheoretical Model (6/20) and Social Norms Theory (6/20). Over half of the interventions (n = 21, 51%) made no mention of theory. Only two studies used theory to select participants or tailor the intervention. There was no evidence of an association between reporting theory use and intervention effectiveness.

Authors' conclusions: There is moderate-quality evidence that digital interventions may lower alcohol consumption, with an average reduction of up to three (UK) standard drinks per week compared to control participants. Substantial heterogeneity and risk of performance and publication bias may mean the reduction was lower. Low-quality evidence from fewer studies suggested there may be little or no difference in impact on alcohol consumption between digital and face-to-face interventions.The BCTs of behaviour substitution, problem solving and credible source were associated with the effectiveness of digital interventions to reduce alcohol consumption and warrant further investigation in an experimental context.Reporting of theory use was very limited and often unclear when present. Over half of the interventions made no reference to any theories. Limited reporting of theory use was unrelated to heterogeneity in intervention effectiveness.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Eileen Kaner, Fiona Beyer and Colin Muirhead are authors on a related Cochrane Review (Kaner 2007).

Eileen Kaner is an investigator on the ongoing SIPS Junior trial (NIHR programme grant number NIHR RP‐PG‐0609‐10162), which will have an app component in one arm of the trial.

Jamie Brown, David Crane, Claire Garnett and Susan Michie are currently working on the development and evaluation of an app to reduce excessive alcohol consumption (ISRCTN40104069).

Matthew Hickman, Frank de Vocht, and James Redmore, Amy O'Donnell, James Newham, Heather Brown and Gregory Maniatopoulos have no interests to declare.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study
3
3
Funnel plot of comparison 1: Digital intervention vs. control, outcome 1.1: Quantity of drinking (g/week), based on longest follow‐up
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison 1: Digital intervention vs. control, outcome 1.6: Quantity of drinking (g/week), based on longest follow‐up and categorised on whether restricted to adolescents or young adults
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Digital intervention versus no or minimal intervention, Outcome 1 Quantity of drinking (g/week), based on longest follow‐up.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Digital intervention versus no or minimal intervention, Outcome 2 Quantity of drinking (g/week), categorised by length of follow‐up.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Digital intervention versus no or minimal intervention, Outcome 3 Quantity of drinking (g/week), based on longest follow‐up and categorised on whether restricted to adolescents or young adults.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Digital intervention versus no or minimal intervention, Outcome 4 Quantity of drinking (g/week), categorised by length of follow‐up and restricted to trials of adolescents/young adults.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Digital intervention versus no or minimal intervention, Outcome 5 Quantity of drinking (g/week), based on longest follow‐up and categorised by gender.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Digital intervention versus no or minimal intervention, Outcome 6 Quantity of drinking (g/week), based on longest follow‐up and omitting trials at high risk of bias owing to incomplete data.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Digital intervention versus no or minimal intervention, Outcome 7 Quantity of drinking (g/week), based on longest follow‐up and omitting trials at high risk of performance bias.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Digital intervention versus no or minimal intervention, Outcome 8 Quantity of drinking (g/week), based on longest follow‐up, with imputation of missing standard deviations or number of participants per arm.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Digital intervention versus no or minimal intervention, Outcome 9 Quantity of drinking (g/week), categorised by length of follow‐up, with imputation of missing standard deviations or number of participants per arm.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Digital intervention versus no or minimal intervention, Outcome 10 Frequency of drinking (no. of days drinking/week), based on longest follow‐up.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Digital intervention versus no or minimal intervention, Outcome 11 Frequency of binge drinking (no. of binges/week), based on longest follow‐up.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Digital intervention versus no or minimal intervention, Outcome 12 Intensity of drinking (g/drinking day), based on longest follow‐up.
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 Digital intervention versus no or minimal intervention, Outcome 13 Binge drinkers, based on longest period of follow‐up.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Digital intervention versus face‐to‐face intervention, Outcome 1 Quantity of drinking (g/week), based on longest follow‐up.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Digital intervention versus face‐to‐face intervention, Outcome 2 Quantity of drinking (g/week), categorised by length of follow‐up.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Digital intervention versus face‐to‐face intervention, Outcome 3 Frequency of drinking (no. of days drinking/week), based on longest follow‐up.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Digital intervention versus face‐to‐face intervention, Outcome 4 Frequency of binge drinking (no. of binges/week), based on longest follow‐up.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011479

References

References to studies included in this review

Araki 2006 {published data only}
    1. Araki I, Hashimoto H, Kono K, Matsuki H, Yano E. Controlled trial of worksite health education through face‐to‐face counseling vs. e‐mail on drinking behavior modification. Journal of Occupational Health 2006;48(4):239‐45. - PubMed
Bendtsen 2015 {published data only}
    1. Bendtsen P, Bendtsen M, Karlsson N, White IR, McCambridge J. Online alcohol assessment and feedback for hazardous and harmful drinkers: findings from the AMADEUS‐2 randomized controlled trial of routine practice in Swedish universities. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2015;17(7):e170. - PMC - PubMed
Bertholet 2015 {published data only}
    1. Bertholet N, Cunningham JA, Faouzi M, Gaume J, Gmel G, Burnand B, et al. Internet‐based brief intervention for young men with unhealthy alcohol use: a randomized controlled trial in a general population sample. Addiction 2015;110(11):1735‐43. - PubMed
Blankers 2011 {published data only}
    1. Blankers M, Koeter MW, Schippers GM. Internet therapy versus internet self‐help versus no treatment for problematic alcohol use: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2011;79(3):330‐41. - PubMed
Boon 2011 {published data only}
    1. Boon B, Risselada A, Huiberts A, Riper H, Smit F. Curbing alcohol use in male adults through computer generated personalized advice: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2011;13(2):e43. - PMC - PubMed
Brendryen 2013 {published data only}
    1. Brendryen H, Lund IO, Johansen AB, Riksheim M, Nesvag S, Duckert F. Balance ‐ a pragmatic randomized controlled trial of an online intensive self‐help alcohol intervention. Addiction 2014;109(2):218‐26. - PubMed
Brief 2013 {published data only}
    1. Brief DJ, Rubin A, Keane TM, Enggasser JL, Roy M, Helmuth E, et al. Web intervention for OEF/OIF veterans with problem drinking and PTSD symptoms: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2013;81(2):890‐900. - PMC - PubMed
Butler 2003 {published data only}
    1. Butler SF, Chiauzzi E, Bromberg JI, Budman SH, Buono DP. Computer‐assisted screening and intervention for alcohol problems in primary care. Journal of Technology in Human Services 2003;21(3):1‐19.
Butler 2009 {published data only}
    1. Butler LH, Correia CJ. Brief alcohol intervention with college student drinkers: face‐to‐face versus computerized feedback. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2009;23(1):163‐7. - PubMed
Chiauzzi 2005 {published data only}
    1. Chiauzzi E, Green TC, Lord S, Thum C, Goldstein M. My student body: a high‐risk drinking prevention web site for college students. Journal of American College Health 2005;53(6):263‐74. - PMC - PubMed
Collins 2014 (DBF) {published data only}
    1. Collins SE, Kirouac M, Lewis MA, Witkiewitz K, Carey KB. Randomized controlled trial of web‐based decisional balance feedback and personalized normative feedback for college drinkers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2014;75(6):982‐92. - PMC - PubMed
Collins 2014 (PNF) {published data only}
    1. Collins SE, Kirouac M, Lewis MA, Witkiewitz K, Carey KB. Randomized controlled trial of web‐based decisional balance feedback and personalized normative feedback for college drinkers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2014;75(6):982‐92. - PMC - PubMed
Cucciare 2013 {published data only}
    1. Cucciare MA, Weingardt KR, Ghaus S, Boden MT, Frayne SM. A randomized controlled trial of a web‐delivered brief alcohol intervention in Veterans Affairs primary care. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2013;74(3):428‐36. - PubMed
Cunningham 2009a {published data only}
    1. Cunningham JA, Wild TC, Cordingley J, Mierlo T, Humphreys K. Twelve‐month follow‐up results from a randomized controlled trial of a brief personalized feedback intervention for problem drinkers. Alcohol and Alcoholism 2010;45(3):258‐62. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Cunningham JA, Wild TC, Cordingley J, Mierlo T, Humphreys K. A randomized controlled trial of an internet‐based intervention for alcohol abusers. Addiction 2009;104(2):2023‐32. - PMC - PubMed
Cunningham 2012b {published data only}
    1. Cunningham JA, Hendershot CS, Murphy M, Neighbors C. Pragmatic randomized controlled trial of providing access to a brief personalized alcohol feedback intervention in university students. Addiction Science and Clinical Practice 2012;7(1):21. - PMC - PubMed
Delrahim‐Howlett 2011 {published data only}
    1. Delrahim‐Howlett K, Chambers CD, Clapp JD, Xu R, Duke K, Moyer RJ 3rd, et al. Web‐based assessment and brief intervention for alcohol use in women of childbearing potential: a report of the primary findings. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 2011;35(7):1331‐8. - PubMed
Doumas 2010 {published data only}
    1. Doumas DM, Haustveit T, Coll KM. Reducing heavy drinking among first year intercollegiate athletes: a randomized controlled trial of web‐based normative feedback. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 2010;22(3):247‐61.
Doumas 2011a {published data only}
    1. Doumas DM, Kane CM, Navarro B, Roman J. Decreasing heavy drinking in first‐year students: evaluation of a web‐based personalized feedback program administered during orientation. Journal of College Counseling 2011;14(1):5‐20.
Ekman 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ekman DS, Andersson A, Nilsen P, Stahlbrandt H, Johansson AL, Bendtsen P. Electronic screening and brief intervention for risky drinking in Swedish university students ‐ a randomized controlled trial. Addictive Behaviors 2011;36(6):654‐9. - PubMed
Gajecki 2014 {published data only}
    1. Gajecki M, Berman AH, Sinadinovic K, Rosendahl I, Andersson C. Mobile phone brief intervention applications for risky alcohol use among university students: a randomized controlled study. Addiction Science and Clinical Practice 2014;9(1):11. - PMC - PubMed
Geisner 2015 {published data only}
    1. Geisner IM, Varvil‐Weld L, Mittmann AJ, Mallett K, Turrisi R. Brief web‐based intervention for college students with comorbid risky alcohol use and depressed mood: does it work and for whom?. Addictive Behaviors 2015;42:36‐43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.030] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Hansen 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hansen AB, Becker U, Nielsen AS, Grønbaek M, Tolstrup JS, Thygesen LC. Internet‐based brief personalized feedback intervention in a non‐treatment‐seeking population of adult heavy drinkers: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2012;14(4):e98. - PMC - PubMed
Hedman 2008 {published data only}
    1. Hedman AS, Akagi C. Effects of an online binge drinking intervention for college students. American Journal of Health Studies 2008;23(1):17‐26.
Hester 1997 {published data only}
    1. Hester RK, Delaney HD. Behavioral Self‐Control Program for Windows: results of a controlled clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1997;65(4):686‐93. - PubMed
Hester 2005 {published data only}
    1. Hester RK, Squires DD, Delaney HD. The drinker's check‐up: 12‐month outcomes of a controlled clinical trial of a stand‐alone software program for problem drinkers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2005;28(2):159‐69. - PubMed
Hester 2012 (exp 1) {published data only}
    1. Hester RK, Delaney HD, Campbell W. The college drinker's check‐up: outcomes of two randomized clinical trials of a computer‐delivered intervention. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2012;26(1):1‐12. - PMC - PubMed
Hester 2012 (exp 2) {published data only}
    1. Hester RK, Delaney HD, Campbell W. The college drinker's check‐up: outcomes of two randomized clinical trials of a computer‐delivered intervention. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2012;26(1):1‐12. - PMC - PubMed
Khadjesari 2014 {published data only}
    1. Khadjesari Z, Freemantle N, Linke S, Hunter R, Murray E. Health on the web: randomised controlled trial of online screening and brief alcohol intervention delivered in a workplace setting. PLoS One 2014;9(11):e112553. - PMC - PubMed
Kypri 2008 {published data only}
    1. Kypri K, Langley JD, Saunders JB, Cashell‐Smith ML, Herbison P. Randomized controlled trial of web‐based alcohol screening and brief intervention in primary care. Archives of Internal Medicine 2008;168(5):530‐6. - PubMed
Kypri 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kypri K, Hallett J, Howat P, McManus A, Maycock B, Bowe S, et al. Randomized controlled trial of proactive web‐based alcohol screening and brief intervention for university students. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009;169(16):1508‐14. - PubMed
Kypri 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kypri K, McCambridge J, Vater T, Bowe SJ, Saunders JB, Cunningham JA, et al. Web‐based alcohol intervention for Maori university students: double‐blind, multi‐site randomized controlled trial. Addiction 2013;108(2):331‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Kypri 2014 {published data only}
    1. Kypri K, Vater T, Bowe SJ, Saunders JB, Cunningham JA, Horton NJ, et al. Web‐based alcohol screening and brief intervention for university students: a randomized trial. JAMA 2014;311(12):1218‐24. - PMC - PubMed
Labrie 2013 {published data only}
    1. Labrie JW, Lewis MA, Atkins DC, Neighbors C, Zheng C, Kenney SR, et al. RCT of web‐based personalized normative feedback for college drinking prevention: are typical student norms good enough?. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2013;81(6):1074‐86. - PMC - PubMed
Lewis 2007a {published data only}
    1. Lewis MA, Neighbors C. Optimizing personalized normative feedback: the use of gender‐specific referents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2007;68(2):228‐37. - PMC - PubMed
Lewis 2007b {published data only}
    1. Lewis MA, Neighbors C, Oster‐Aaland L, Kirkeby BS, Larimer ME. Indicated prevention for incoming freshmen: personalized normative feedback and high‐risk drinking. Addictive Behaviors 2007;32(11):2495‐508. - PMC - PubMed
Lewis 2014 {published data only}
    1. Lewis MA, Patrick ME, Litt DM, Atkins DC, Kim T, Blayney JA, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a web‐delivered personalized normative feedback intervention to reduce alcohol‐related risky sexual behavior among college students. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2014;82(3):429‐40. - PMC - PubMed
Murphy 2010 (Study 1) {published data only}
    1. Murphy JG, Dennhardt AA, Skidmore JR, Martens MP, McDevitt‐Murphy ME. Computerized versus motivational interviewing alcohol interventions: impact on discrepancy, motivation, and drinking. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2010;24(4):628‐39. - PMC - PubMed
Murphy 2010 (Study 2) {published data only}
    1. Murphy JG, Dennhardt AA, Skidmore JR, Martens MP, McDevitt‐Murphy ME. Computerized versus motivational interviewing alcohol interventions: impact on discrepancy, motivation, and drinking. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2010;24(4):628‐39. - PMC - PubMed
Neighbors 2004 {published data only}
    1. Neighbors C, Larimer ME, Lewis MA. Targeting misperceptions of descriptive drinking norms: efficacy of a computer‐delivered personalized normative feedback intervention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2004;72(3):434‐47. - PubMed
Neighbors 2006 {published data only}
    1. Neighbors C, Lewis MA, Bergstrom RL, Larimer ME. Being controlled by normative influences: self‐determination as a moderator of a normative feedback alcohol intervention. Health Psychology 2006;25(5):571‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Neighbors 2010 {published data only}
    1. Neighbors C, Lewis MA, Atkins DC, Jensen MM, Walter T, Fossos N, et al. Efficacy of web‐based personalized normative feedback: a two‐year randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2010;78(6):898‐911. - PMC - PubMed
Neumann 2006 {published data only}
    1. Neumann T, Neuner B, Weiss‐Gerlach E, Tønnesen H, Gentilello LM, Wernecke KD, et al. The effect of computerized tailored brief advice on at‐risk drinking in subcritically injured trauma patients. Journal of Trauma 2006;61(4):805‐14. - PubMed
Palfai 2011 {published data only}
    1. Palfai TP, Zisserson R, Saitz R. Using personalized feedback to reduce alcohol use among hazardous drinking college students: the moderating effect of alcohol‐related negative consequences. Addictive Behaviors 2011;36(5):539‐42. - PubMed
Postel 2010 {published data only}
    1. Postel MG, Haan HA, ter Huurne ED, Becker ES, Jong CA. Effectiveness of a web‐based intervention for problem drinkers and reasons for dropout: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2010;12(4):e68. - PMC - PubMed
Ridout 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ridout B, Campbell A. Using Facebook to deliver a social norm intervention to reduce problem drinking at university. Drug and Alcohol Review 2014;33(6):667‐73. - PubMed
Riper 2008 {published data only}
    1. Riper H, Kramer J, Smit F, Conijn B, Schippers G, Cuijpers P. Web‐based self‐help for problem drinkers: a pragmatic randomized trial. Addiction 2008;103(2):218‐27. - PubMed
Schulz 2013 {published data only}
    1. Schulz DN, Candel MJ, Kremers SP, Reinwand DA, Jander A, Vries H. Effects of a web‐based tailored intervention to reduce alcohol consumption in adults: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2013;15(9):e206. - PMC - PubMed
Sinadinovic 2014 {published data only}
    1. Sinadinovic K, Wennberg P, Johansson M, Berman AH. Targeting individuals with problematic alcohol use via web‐based cognitive‐behavioral self‐help modules, personalized screening feedback or assessment only: a randomized controlled trial. European Addiction Research 2014;20(6):305‐18. - PubMed
Spijkerman 2010 {published data only}
    1. Spijkerman R, Roek MA, Vermulst A, Lemmers L, Huiberts A, Engels RC. Effectiveness of a web‐based brief alcohol intervention and added value of normative feedback in reducing underage drinking: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2010;12(5):e65. - PMC - PubMed
Suffoletto 2014 {published data only}
    1. Suffoletto B, Kristan J, Callaway C, Kim KH, Chung T, Monti PM, et al. A text message alcohol intervention for young adult Emergency Department patients: a randomized clinical trial. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2014;64(6):664‐72. - PMC - PubMed
Sugarman 2009 {published data only}
    1. Sugarman, DE. Web‐based Alcohol Feedback Intervention for Heavy Drinking College Students: Does Drinking Control Strategy Use Mediate Intervention Effects? [PhD Thesis]. Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University, 2009.
Voogt 2013a {published data only}
    1. Voogt CV, Kleinjan M, Poelen EA, Lemmers LA, Engels RC. The effectiveness of a web‐based brief alcohol intervention in reducing heavy drinking among adolescents aged 15‐20 years with a low educational background: a two‐arm parallel group cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2013;13:11. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-694] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Voogt 2013b {published data only}
    1. Voogt CV, Poelen EA, Kleinjan M, Lemmers LA, Engels RC. The effectiveness of the 'What Do You Drink' web‐based brief alcohol intervention in reducing heavy drinking among students: a two‐arm parallel group randomized controlled trial. Alcohol and Alcoholism 2013;48(3):312‐21. - PubMed
Wagener 2012 {published data only}
    1. Wagener TL, Leffingwell TR, Mignogna J, Mignogna MR, Weaver CC, Cooney NJ, et al. Randomized trial comparing computer‐delivered and face‐to‐face personalized feedback interventions for high‐risk drinking among college students. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2012;43(2):260‐7. - PubMed
Wallace 2011 {published data only}
    1. Wallace P, Murray E, McCambridge J, Khadjesari Z, White IR, Thompson SG, et al. On‐line randomized controlled trial of an internet based psychologically enhanced intervention for people with hazardous alcohol consumption. PLoS ONE 2011;6(3):e14740. - PMC - PubMed
Walters 2009 {published data only}
    1. Walters ST, Vader AM, Harris TR, Field CA, Jouriles EN. Dismantling motivational interviewing and feedback for college drinkers: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2009;77(1):64‐73. - PMC - PubMed
Weaver 2014 {published data only}
    1. Weaver CC, Leffingwell TR, Lombardi NJ, Claborn KR, Miller ME, Martens MP. A computer‐based feedback only intervention with and without a moderation skills component. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2014;46(1):22‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Witkiewitz 2014 {published data only}
    1. Witkiewitz K, Kirouac M, Desai SA, Bowen S, Leigh BC, Larimer ME. Development and evaluation of a mobile intervention for heavy drinking and smoking among college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2014;28(3):639‐50. - PMC - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Alessi 2013 {published data only}
    1. Alessi SM, Petry NM. A randomized study of cellphone technology to reinforce alcohol abstinence in the natural environment. Addiction 2013;108(5):900‐9. - PMC - PubMed
An 2013 {published data only}
    1. An LC, Demers MR, Kirch MA, Considine‐Dunn S, Nair V, Dasgupta K, et al. A randomized trial of an avatar‐hosted multiple behavior change intervention for young adult smokers. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs 2013;2013(47):209‐15. - PMC - PubMed
Bendtsen 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bendtsen P, McCambridge J, Bendtsen M, Karlsson N, Nilsen P. Effectiveness of a proactive mail‐based alcohol Internet intervention for university students: dismantling the assessment and feedback components in a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2012;14(5):e142. - PMC - PubMed
Bersamin 2007 {published data only}
    1. Bersamin M, Paschall MJ, Fearnow‐Kenney M, Wyrick D. Effectiveness of a web‐based alcohol‐misuse and harm‐prevention course among high‐ and low‐risk students. Journal of American College Health 2007;55(4):247‐54. - PubMed
Bewick 2008 {published data only}
    1. Bewick BM, Trusler K, Mulhern B, Barkham M, Hill AJ. The feasibility and effectiveness of a web‐based personalised feedback and social norms alcohol intervention in UK university students: a randomised control trial. Addictive Behaviors 2008;33(9):1192‐8. - PubMed
Bewick 2010 {published data only}
    1. Bewick BM, West R, Gill J, O'May F, Mulhern B, Barkham M, et al. Providing web‐based feedback and social norms information to reduce student alcohol intake: a multisite investigation. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2010;12(5):e59. - PMC - PubMed
Bewick 2013 {published data only}
    1. Bewick BM, West RM, Barkham M, Mulhern B, Marlow R, Traviss G, et al. The effectiveness of a web‐based personalized feedback and social norms alcohol intervention on United Kingdom university students: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2013;15(7):e137. - PMC - PubMed
Bingham 2010 {published data only}
    1. Bingham CR, Barretto AI, Walton MA, Bryant CM, Shope JT, Raghunathan TE. Efficacy of a web‐based, tailored, alcohol prevention/intervention program for college students: initial findings. Journal of American College Health 2010;58(4):349‐56. - PubMed
Bischof 2008 {published data only}
    1. Bischof G, Grothues JM, Reinhardt S, Meyer C, John U, Rumpf HJ. Evaluation of a telephone‐based stepped care intervention for alcohol‐related disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2008;93(3):244‐51. - PubMed
Bryant 2013 {published data only}
    1. Bryant ZE, Henslee AM, Correia CJ. Testing the effects of e‐mailed personalized feedback on risky alcohol use among college students. Addictive Behaviors 2013;38(10):2563‐7. - PubMed
Coleman 2010 {published data only}
    1. Coleman L, Ramm J, Cooke R. The effectiveness of an innovative intervention aimed at reducing binge drinking among young people: results from a pilot study. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 2010;17(4):413‐30.
Croom 2009 {published data only}
    1. Croom K, Lewis D, Marchell T, Lesser ML, Reyna VF, Kubicki‐Bedford L, et al. Impact of an online alcohol education course on behavior and harm for incoming first‐year college students: short‐term evaluation of a randomized trial. Journal of American College Health 2009;57(4):445‐54. - PubMed
Cunningham 2005 {published data only}
    1. Cunningham JA, Humphreys K, Koski‐Jannes A, Cordingley J. Internet and paper self‐help materials for problem drinking: is there an additive effect?. Addictive Behaviors 2005;30(8):1517‐23. - PubMed
Cunningham 2009b {published data only}
    1. Cunningham RM, Chermack ST, Zimmerman MA, Shope JT, Bingham CR, Blow FC, et al. Brief motivational interviewing intervention for peer violence and alcohol use in teens: one‐year follow‐up. Pediatrics 2012;129(6):1083‐90. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Cunningham RM, Walton MA, Goldstein A, Chermack ST, Shope JT, Bingham CR, et al. Three‐month follow‐up of brief computerized and therapist interventions for alcohol and violence among teens. Academic Emergency Medicine 2009;16(11):1193‐207. - PMC - PubMed
Cunningham 2012 {published data only}
    1. Cunningham JA. Comparison of two internet‐based interventions for problem drinkers: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2012;14(4):e107. - PMC - PubMed
Dickinson 2013 {published data only}
    1. Dickinson WP, Glasgow RE, Fisher L, Dickinson LM, Christensen SM, Estabrooks PA, et al. Use of a website to accomplish health behavior change: if you build it, will they come? And will it work if they do?. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 2013;26(2):168‐76. - PubMed
Dimeff 2000 {published data only}
    1. Dimeff LA. Brief Intervention for Heavy and Hazardous College Drinkers in a Student Primary Health Care Setting (PhD Thesis). Seattle (WA): University of Washington, 1998.
    1. Dimeff LA. Brief alcohol screening and intervention for college students (BASICS): A harm reduction approach. Vol. Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College, Guilford Press, 1999.
    1. Dimeff LA, McNeely M. Computer‐enhanced primary care practitioner advice for high‐risk college drinkers in a student primary health‐care setting. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 2000;7(1):82‐100.
Donohue 2004 {published data only}
    1. Donohue B, Allen DN, Maurer A, Ozols J, DeStefano G. A controlled evaluation of two prevention programs in reducing alcohol use among college students at low and high risk for alcohol related problems. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education 2004;48(1):13‐33.
Doumas 2008 {published data only}
    1. Doumas DM, Haustveit T. Reducing heavy drinking in intercollegiate athletes: evaluation of a web‐based personalized feedback program. Sport Psychologist 2008;22(2):212‐28.
Doumas 2009 {published data only}
    1. Doumas DM, Andersen LL. Reducing alcohol use in first‐year university students: evaluation of a web‐based personalized feedback program. Journal of College Counseling 2009;12(1):18‐32.
Doumas 2014 {published data only}
    1. Doumas DM, Esp S, Turrisi R, Hausheer R, Cuffee C. A test of the efficacy of a brief, web‐based personalized feedback intervention to reduce drinking among 9th grade students. Addictive Behaviors 2014;39(1):231‐8. - PubMed
    1. Doumas DM, Hausheer R, Esp S, Cuffee C. Reducing alcohol use among 9th grade students: 6 month outcomes of a brief, Web‐based intervention. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2014;47(1):102‐5. - PubMed
Eltringham 1990 {published data only}
    1. Eltringham A, Barber JG. Can microcomputers help the problem drinker?. Drug and Alcohol Review 1990;9(2):169‐76. - PubMed
Epton 2014 {published data only}
    1. Epton T, Norman P, Dadzie AS, Harris PR, Webb TL, Sheeran P, et al. A theory‐based online health behaviour intervention for new university students (U@Uni): results from a randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2014;14:563. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-563] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Evans 2012 {published data only}
    1. Evans WD, Wallace JL, Snider J. Pilot evaluation of the text4baby mobile health program. BMC Public Health 2012;12:1031. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-1031] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Evers 2012 {published data only}
    1. Evers KE, Paiva AL, Johnson JL, Cummins CO, Prochaska JO, Prochaska JM, et al. Results of a transtheoretical model‐based alcohol, tobacco and other drug intervention in middle schools. Addictive Behaviors 2012;37(9):1009‐18. - PubMed
Fang 2010 {published data only}
    1. Fang L, Schinke SP, Cole KC. Preventing substance use among early Asian‐American adolescent girls: initial evaluation of a web‐based, mother‐daughter program. Journal of Adolescent Health 2010;47(5):529‐32. - PMC - PubMed
Farrer 2012 {published data only}
    1. Farrer L, Christensen H, Griffiths KM, Mackinnon A. Web‐based cognitive behavior therapy for depression with and without telephone tracking in a national helpline: secondary outcomes from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2012;14(3):e68. - PMC - PubMed
Finfgeld‐Connett 2008 {published data only}
    1. Finfgeld‐Connett D, Madsen R. Web‐based treatment of alcohol problems among rural women. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 2008;46(9):46‐53. - PMC - PubMed
Gregor 2003 {published data only}
    1. Gregor MA, Shope JT, Blow FC, Maio RF, Weber JE, Nypaver MM. Feasibility of using an interactive laptop program in the Emergency Department to prevent alcohol misuse among adolescents. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2003;42(2):276‐84. - PubMed
Hasin 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hasin DS, Aharonovich E, O'Leary A, Greenstein E, Pavlicova M, Arunajadai S, et al. Reducing heavy drinking in HIV primary care: a randomized trial of brief intervention, with and without technological enhancement. Addiction 2013;108(7):1230‐40. - PMC - PubMed
Hendershot 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hendershot CS, Collins SE, Otto JM, Wall TL, Liang T. A brief web‐based feedback intervention for reducing alcohol‐related health risks associated with ALDH2 genotype. Alcoholism ‐ Clinical and Experimental Research 2010;34:255A. - PMC - PubMed
Hester 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hester RK, Delaney HD, Campbell W. ModerateDrinking.Com and moderation management: outcomes of a randomized clinical trial with non‐dependent problem drinkers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2011;79(2):215‐24. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hester RK, Delaney HD, Campbell W, Handmaker N. A web application for moderation training: initial results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2009;37(3):266‐76. - PMC - PubMed
Hustad 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hustad JT, Borsari B. Web‐based screening and brief motivational intervention reduces alcohol use in heavy‐drinking undergraduates at up to 6 months. Evidence Based Medicine 2010;15(1):17‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Jouriles 2010 {published data only}
    1. Jouriles EN, Brown AS, Rosenfield D, McDonald R, Croft K, Leahy MM, et al. Improving the effectiveness of computer‐delivered personalized drinking feedback interventions for college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2010;24(4):592‐9. - PubMed
Kay‐Lambkin 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kay‐Lambkin FJ, Baker AL, Lewin TJ, Carr VJ. Computer‐based psychological treatment for comorbid depression and problematic alcohol and/or cannabis use: a randomized controlled trial of clinical efficacy. Addiction 2009;104(3):378‐88. - PubMed
Kay‐Lambkin 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kay‐Lambkin FJ, Baker AL, Kelly B, Lewin TJ. Clinician‐assisted computerised versus therapist‐delivered treatment for depressive and addictive disorders: a randomised controlled trial. Medical Journal of Australia 2011;195(3):S44‐50. - PubMed
Keurhorst 2013 {published data only}
    1. Keurhorst MN, Anderson P, Spak F, Bendtsen P, Segura L, Colom J, et al. Implementing training and support, financial reimbursement, and referral to an internet‐based brief advice program to improve the early identification of hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption in primary care (ODHIN): study protocol for a cluster randomized factorial trial. Implementation Science 2013;8:11. [DOI: 10.1186/1748-5908-8-11] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kypri 2004 {published data only}
    1. Kypri K, Saunders JB, Williams SM, McGee RO, Langley JD, Cashell‐Smith ML, et al. Web‐based screening and brief intervention for hazardous drinking: a double‐blind randomized controlled trial. Addiction 2004;99(11):1410‐7. - PubMed
Kypri 2005 {published data only}
    1. Kypri K, McAnally HM. Randomized controlled trial of a web‐based primary care intervention for multiple health risk behaviors. Preventive Medicine 2005;41(3‐4):761‐6. - PubMed
LaBrie 2008 {published data only}
    1. LaBrie JW, Hummer JF, Neighbors C, Pedersen ER. Live interactive group‐specific normative feedback reduces misperceptions and drinking in college students: a randomized cluster trial. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2008;22(1):141‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Lana 2014 {published data only}
    1. Lana A, Faya‐Ornia G, López ML. Impact of a web‐based intervention supplemented with text messages to improve cancer prevention behaviors among adolescents: results from a randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2014;59:54‐9. - PubMed
Lane 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lane DJ, Lindemann DF, Schmidt JA. A comparison of computer‐assisted and self‐management programs for reducing alcohol use among students in first year experience courses. Journal of Drug Education 2012;42(2):119‐35. - PubMed
Lovecchio 2010 {published data only}
    1. Lovecchio CP, Wyatt TM, DeJong W. Reductions in drinking and alcohol‐related harms reported by first‐year college students taking an online alcohol education course: a randomized trial. Journal of Health Communication 2010;15(7):805‐19. - PubMed
Maio 2005 {published data only}
    1. Maio RF, Shope JT, Blow FC, Gregor MA, Zakrajsek JS, Weber JE, et al. A randomized controlled trial of an emergency department‐based interactive computer program to prevent alcohol misuse among injured adolescents. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2005;45(4):420‐9. - PubMed
Martens 2010 {published data only}
    1. Martens MP, Kilmer JR, Beck NC, Zamboanga BL. The efficacy of a targeted personalized drinking feedback intervention among intercollegiate athletes: a randomized controlled trial. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2010;24(4):660‐9. - PubMed
Mason 2014 {published data only}
    1. Mason M, Benotsch EG, Way T, Kim H, Snipes D. Text messaging to increase readiness to change alcohol use in college students. Journal of Primary Prevention 2014;35(1):47‐52. - PubMed
Matano 2007 {published data only}
    1. Matano RA, Koopman C, Wanat SF, Winzelberg AJ, Whitsell SD, Westrup D, et al. A pilot study of an interactive web site in the workplace for reducing alcohol consumption. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2007;32(1):71‐80. - PubMed
McCambridge 2013 {published data only}
    1. McCambridge J, Bendtsen M, Karlsson N, White IR, Nilsen P, Bendtsen P. Alcohol assessment and feedback by email for university students: main findings from a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2013;203(5):334‐40. - PMC - PubMed
Meier 1988 {published data only}
    1. Meier ST. Alcohol education through computer‐assisted instruction. Journal of Counseling and Development 1988;66:389‐90.
Moore 2013 {published data only}
    1. Moore SC, Crompton K, Goozen S, Bree M, Bunney J, Lydall E. A feasibility study of short message service text messaging as a surveillance tool for alcohol consumption and vehicle for interventions in university students. BMC Public Health 2013;13:1011. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1011] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Moreira 2012 {published data only}
    1. Moreira MT, Oskrochi R, Foxcroft DR. Personalised normative feedback for preventing alcohol misuse in university students: Solomon three‐group randomised controlled trial. PLoS One 2012;7(9):e44120. - PMC - PubMed
Palfai 2014 {published data only}
    1. Palfai TP, Winter M, Lu J, Rosenbloom D, Saitz R. Personalized feedback as a universal prevention approach for college drinking: a randomized trial of an e‐mail linked universal web‐based alcohol intervention. Journal of Primary Prevention 2014;35(2):75‐84. - PMC - PubMed
Parekh 2014 {published data only}
    1. Parekh S, King D, Boyle FM, Vandelanotte C. Randomized controlled trial of a computer‐tailored multiple health behaviour intervention in general practice: 12‐month follow‐up results. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2014;11(1):41. - PMC - PubMed
Paschall 2006 {published data only}
    1. Paschall MJ, Bersamin M, Fearnow‐Kenney M, Wyrick D, Currey D. Short‐term evaluation of a web‐based college alcohol misuse and harm prevention course (College Alc). Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education 2006;50(3):49‐65.
Paschall 2011 {published data only}
    1. Paschall MJ, Antin T, Ringwalt CL, Saltz RF. Evaluation of an internet‐based alcohol misuse prevention course for college freshmen: findings of a randomized multi‐campus trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2011;41(3):300‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Pemberton 2011 {published data only}
    1. Pemberton MR, Williams J, Herman‐Stahl M, Calvin SL, Bradshaw MR, Bray RM, et al. Evaluation of two web‐based alcohol interventions in the U.S. military. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2011;72(3):480‐9. - PubMed
Postel 2010a {published data only}
    1. Postel MG, Haan HA, Jong CA. Evaluation of an e‐therapy program for problem drinkers: a pilot study. Substance Use and Misuse 2010;45(12):2059‐75. - PubMed
Reis 2000 {published data only}
    1. Reis J, Riley W, Lokman L, Baer J. Interactive multimedia preventive alcohol education: a technology application in higher education. Journal of Drug Education 2000;30(4):399‐421. - PubMed
Reis 2002 {published data only}
    1. Reis J, Riley W. Assessment of a computer‐supported alcohol education intervention program. Health Education 2002;102(3):124‐32.
Rhodes 2001 {published data only}
    1. Rhodes KV, Lauderdale DS, Stocking CB, Howes DS, Roizen MF, Levinson W. Better health while you wait: a controlled trial of a computer‐based intervention for screening and health promotion in the emergency department. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2001;37(3):284‐91. - PubMed
Saitz 2007 {published data only}
    1. Saitz R, Palfai TP, Freedner N, Winter MR, Macdonald A, Lu J, et al. Screening and brief intervention online for college students: the ihealth study. Alcohol and Alcoholism 2007;42(1):28‐36. - PubMed
Schinke 2005 {published data only}
    1. Schinke S, Schwinn T. Gender‐specific computer‐based intervention for preventing drug abuse among girls. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 2005;31(4):609‐16. - PMC - PubMed
Schinke 2005a {published data only}
    1. Schinke SP, Schwinn TM, Ozanian AJ. Alcohol abuse prevention among high‐risk youth: computer‐based intervention. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community 2005;29(1‐2):117‐30. - PMC - PubMed
Schinke 2009 {published data only}
    1. Schinke SP, Fang L, Cole KC. Computer‐delivered, parent‐involvement intervention to prevent substance use among adolescent girls. Preventive Medicine 2009;49(5):429‐35. - PMC - PubMed
Schuckit 2012 {published data only}
    1. Schuckit MA, Kalmijn JA, Smith TL, Saunders G, Fromme K. Structuring a college alcohol prevention program on the low level of response to alcohol model: a pilot study. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 2012;36(7):1244‐52. - PubMed
Schulz 2014b {published data only}
    1. Schulz DN, Kremers SP, Vandelanotte C, Adrichem MJ, Schneider F, Candel MJ, et al. Effects of a web‐based tailored multiple‐lifestyle intervention for adults: a two‐year randomized controlled trial comparing sequential and simultaneous delivery modes. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2014;16(1):e26. - PMC - PubMed
Sharmer 2001 {published data only}
    1. Sharmer L. Evaluation of alcohol education programs on attitude, knowledge, and self‐reported behavior of college students. Evaluation and the Health Professions 2001;24(3):336‐57. - PubMed
Suffoletto 2012 {published data only}
    1. Suffoletto B, Callaway C, Kristan J, Kraemer K, Clark DB. Text‐message‐based drinking assessments and brief interventions for young adults discharged from the emergency department. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 2012;36(3):552‐60. - PubMed
Swan 2009 {published data only}
    1. Swan AJ, Tyssen EG. Enhancing treatment access: evaluation of an Australian web‐based alcohol and drug counselling initiative. Drug and Alcohol Review 2009;28(1):48‐53. - PubMed
Tensil 2013 {published data only}
    1. Tensil MD, Jonas B, Struber E. Two fully automated web‐based interventions for risky alcohol use: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2013;15(6):e110. - PMC - PubMed
Thombs 2007 {published data only}
    1. Thombs DL, Olds SR, Osborn CJ, Casseday S, Glavin K, Berkowitz AD. Outcomes of a technology‐based social norms intervention to deter alcohol use in freshman residence halls. Journal of American College Health 2007;55(6):325‐32. - PubMed
Trinks 2010 {published data only}
    1. Trinks A, Festin K, Bendtsen P, Nilsen P. Reach and effectiveness of a computer‐based alcohol intervention in a Swedish emergency room. International Emergency Nursing 2010;18(3):138‐46. - PubMed
Tzilos 2011 {published data only}
    1. Tzilos GK, Sokol RJ, Ondersma SJ. A randomized phase I trial of a brief computer‐delivered intervention for alcohol use during pregnancy. Journal of Women's Health 2011;20(10):1517‐24. - PMC - PubMed
Vinson 2000 {published data only}
    1. Vinson DC, Devera‐Sales A. Computer‐generated written behavioral contracts with problem drinkers in primary medical care. Substance Abuse 2000;21(4):215‐22. - PubMed
Vogl 2009 {published data only}
    1. Vogl L, Teesson M, Andrews G, Bird K, Steadman B, Dillon P. A computerized harm minimization prevention program for alcohol misuse and related harms: randomized controlled trial. Addiction 2009;104(4):564‐75. - PubMed
Walters 2007 {published data only}
    1. Walters ST, Vader AM, Harris TR. A controlled trial of web‐based feedback for heavy drinking college students. Prevention Science 2007;8(1):83‐8. - PubMed
Walton 2010 {published data only}
    1. Walton MA, Chermack ST, Shope JT, Bingham CR, Zimmerman MA, Blow FC, et al. Effects of a brief intervention for reducing violence and alcohol misuse among adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010;304(5):527‐35. - PMC - PubMed
Weitzel 2007 {published data only}
    1. Weitzel JA, Bernhardt JM, Usdan S, Mays D, Glanz K. Using wireless handheld computers and tailored text messaging to reduce negative consequences of drinking alcohol. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2007;68(4):534‐7. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Acosta 2017 {published data only}
    1. Acosta MC, Possemato K, Maisto SA, Marsch LA, Barrie K, Lantinga L. Web‐delivered CBT reduces heavy drinking in OEF‐OIF veterans in primary care with symptomatic substance use and PTSD. Behavior Therapy 2017;48(2):262‐76. - PMC - PubMed
Balestrieri 2016 {published data only}
    1. Balestrieri SG, Miller MB, DiBello AM, Merrill JE, Benz MB, Lowery AD, et al. Evaluating the efficacy of a computer‐delivered brief alcohol intervention among college students living off‐campus. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 2016;40(Suppl 1):62a.
Bock 2016 {published data only}
    1. Bock BC, Barnett NP, Thind H, Rosen R, Walaska K, Traficante R, et al. A text message intervention for alcohol risk reduction among community college students: TMAP. Addictive Behaviors 2016;63:107‐13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.07.012] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Duroy 2016 {published data only}
    1. Duroy D, Boutron I, Baron G, Ravaud P, Estellat C, Lejoyeux M. Impact of a computer‐assisted Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment on reducing alcohol consumption among patients with hazardous drinking disorder in hospital Emergency Departments. The randomized BREVALCO trial. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2016;165:236‐44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.06.018] - DOI - PubMed
Gajecki 2017 {published data only}
    1. Gajecki M, Andersson C, Rosendahl, Sinadinovic K, Fredriksson M, Berman AH. Skills training via smartphone app for university students with excessive alcohol consumption: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2017 Feb 21 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1007/s12529-016-9629-9] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Leeman 2016 {published data only}
    1. Leeman RF, DeMartini KS, Gueorguieva R, Nogueira C, Corbin WR, Neighbors C, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a very brief, multicomponent web‐based alcohol intervention for undergraduates with a focus on protective behavioral strategies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2016;84(11):1008‐15. - PMC - PubMed
Muench 2017 {published data only}
    1. Muench F, Stolk‐Cooke K, Kuerbis A, Stadler G, Baumel A, Shao S, et al. A randomized controlled pilot trial of different mobile messaging interventions for problem drinking compared to weekly drink tracking. PLoS ONE 2017;12(2):e0167900. - PMC - PubMed
Ondersma 2016 {published data only}
    1. Ondersma SJ, Svikis DS, Thacker LR, Beatty JR, Lockhart N. A randomised trial of a computer‐delivered screening and brief intervention for postpartum alcohol use. Drug and Alcohol Review 2016;35(6):710‐8. - PMC - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

ISRCTN10323951 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN10323951. Testing the effectiveness of two web‐based interventions aiming to reduce alcohol consumption. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN10323951 (first received 7th September 2015).
    1. Schaub MP, Blankers M, Lehr D, Boss L, Riper H, Dekker J, et al. Efficacy of an internet‐based self‐help intervention to reduce co‐occurring alcohol misuse and depression symptoms in adults: study protocol of a three‐arm randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2016;6(5):e011457. - PMC - PubMed
ISRCTN40104069 {published data only}
    1. Garnett C, Crane D, Michie S, West R, Brown J. Evaluating the effectiveness of a smartphone app to reduce excessive alcohol consumption: protocol for a factorial randomised control trial. BMC Public Health 2016;16:536. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3140-8] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN40104069. Evaluating the effectiveness of a smartphone app to reduce alcohol consumption in hazardous and/or harmful drinkers. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN40104069 (first received 10 February 2016).
ISRCTN45300218 {published data only}
    1. Deluca P, Coulton S, Alam MF, Cohen D, Donoghue K, Gilvarry E, et al. Linked randomised controlled trials of face‐to‐face and electronic brief intervention methods to prevent alcohol related harm in young people aged 14‐17 years presenting to Emergency Departments (SIPS Junior). BMC Public Health 2015;15(1):345. - PMC - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN45300218. Developing and evaluating interventions for adolescents with alcohol use disorders who present through emergency departments: randomised feasibility study and exploratory randomised controlled trial. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN45300218 (first received 5th June 2014).
NCT02064998 {published data only}
    1. Berman AH, Gajecki M, Fredriksson M, Sinadinovic K, Andersson C. Mobile phone apps for university students with hazardous alcohol use: study protocol for two consecutive randomized controlled trials. JMIR Research Protocols 2015;4(4):e139. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02064998. Two consecutive randomized controlled trials using mobile phone applications for risky alcohol use. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02064998?term=NCT02064998&rank=1 (first received 14th February 2014).

Additional references

Abood 2003
    1. Abood DA, Black DR, Feral D. Nutrition education worksite intervention for university staff: application of the health belief model. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2003;35(5):260‐7. - PubMed
Abraham 2008
    1. Abraham C, Michie S. A taxonomy of Behavior Change Techniques used in interventions. Health Psychology 2008;27(3):379‐87. - PubMed
Angus 2014
    1. Angus C, Latimer N, Preston L, Li J, Purshouse R. What are the implications for policy makers? A systematic review of the cost‐effectiveness of screening and brief interventions for alcohol misuse in primary care. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2014;5:114. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00114] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Araújo‐Soares 2009
    1. Araújo‐Soares V, McIntyre T, MacLennan G, Sniehotta FF. Development and exploratory cluster‐randomised opportunistic trial of a theory‐based intervention to enhance physical activity among adolescents. Psychology and Health 2009;24(7):805‐22. - PubMed
Balhara 2014
    1. Balhara Y, Verma R. A review of web based interventions focusing on alcohol use. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research 2014;4(4):472‐80. - PMC - PubMed
Bewick 2008a
    1. Bewick BM, Trusler K, Barkham M, Hill AJ, Cahill J, Mulhern B. The effectiveness of web‐based interventions designed to decrease alcohol consumption ‐ a systematic review. Preventive Medicine 2008;47(1):17‐26. - PubMed
Beyer 2015
    1. Beyer FR, Maniatopoulos G, Kaner EFS, Michie S, Hickman M. Engagement with digital interventions for reducing hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption in community‐dwelling populations: a systematic review [PROSPERO 2015:CRD42015019790]. www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42015019790 (accessed prior to 14 August 2017).
Bhochhibhoya 2015
    1. Bhochhibhoya A, Hayes L, Branscum P, Taylor L. The use of the internet for prevention of binge drinking among the college population: a systematic review of evidence. Alcohol and Alcoholism 2015;50(5):526‐35. - PubMed
Black 2016
    1. Black N, Mullan B, Sharpe L. Computer‐delivered interventions for reducing alcohol consumption: meta‐analysis and meta‐regression using behaviour change techniques and theory. Health Psychology Review 2016;10(3):341‐57. - PubMed
Blankers 2012
    1. Blankers M, Nabitz U, Smit F, Koeter MW, Schippers GM. Economic evaluation of internet‐based interventions for harmful alcohol use alongside a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2012;14(5):e134. - PMC - PubMed
Brown 2016
    1. Brown J, West R, Angus C, Beard E, Brennan A, Drummond C, et al. Comparison of brief interventions in primary care on smoking and excessive alcohol consumption: a population survey in England. British Journal of General Practice 2016;66(642):e1‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Byrt 1993
    1. Byrt T, Bishop J, Carlin JB. Bias, prevalence and kappa. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1993;46(5):423‐9. - PubMed
Carey 2009a
    1. Carey KB, Scott‐Sheldon LAJ, Elliott JC, Bolles JR, Carey MP. Computer‐delivered interventions to reduce college student drinking: a meta‐analysis. Addiction 2009;104(11):1807‐19. - PMC - PubMed
Carey 2012
    1. Carey KB, Scott‐Sheldon LA, Elliott JC, Garey L, Carey MP. Face‐to‐face versus computer‐delivered alcohol interventions for college drinkers: a meta‐analytic review, 1998 to 2010. Clinical Psychology Review 2012;32(8):690‐703. - PMC - PubMed
Coulton 2006
    1. Coulton S, Drummond C, James D, Godfrey C, Bland JM, Parrott S, et al. Opportunistic screening for alcohol use disorders in primary care: comparative study. British Medical Journal 2006;332(7540):511‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Crane 2015
    1. Crane D, Garnett C, Brown J, West R, Michie S. Behavior change techniques in popular alcohol reduction apps: content analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2015;17(5):e118. - PMC - PubMed
Dedert 2015
    1. Dedert EA, McDuffie JR, Stein R, McNiel J, Kosinski AS, Freiermuth CE, et al. Electronic interventions for alcohol misuse and alcohol use disorders a systematic review of e‐interventions for alcohol misuse and alcohol use disorders. Annals of Internal Medicine 2015;163(3):205‐14. - PMC - PubMed
Deeks 2001
    1. Deeks JJ, Altman DG, Bradburn MJ. Chapter 15: Statistical methods for examining heterogeneity and combining results from several studies in meta‐analysis. Systematic Reviews in Health Care. 2nd Edition. London: BMJ Books, 2001:285‐312.
Devlin 2010
    1. Devlin N, Parkin D, Browne J. Using the EQ‐5D as a performance measurement tool in the NHS. Health Economics 2010;19(8):886‐905. - PubMed
Direito 2014
    1. Direito A, Dale LP, Shields E, Dobson R, Whittaker R, Maddison R. Do physical activity and dietary smartphone applications incorporate evidence‐based behaviour change techniques?. BMC Public Health 2014;14:1‐7. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-646] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Dombrowski 2012
    1. Dombrowski SU, Sniehotta FF, Avenell A, Johnston M, MacLennan G, Araújo‐Soares V. Identifying active ingredients in complex behavioural interventions for obese adults with obesity‐related co‐morbidities or additional risk factors for co‐morbidities: a systematic review. Health Psychology Review 2012;6(1):7‐32.
Donoghue 2014
    1. Donoghue K, Patton R, Phillips T, Deluca P, Drummond C. The effectiveness of electronic screening and brief intervention for reducing levels of alcohol consumption: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2014;16(6):e142. - PMC - PubMed
Dotson 2015
    1. Dotson KB, Dunn ME, Bowers CA. Stand‐alone personalized normative feedback for college student drinkers: a meta‐analytic review, 2004 to 2014. PLoS ONE 2015;10(10):e0139518. - PMC - PubMed
Drummond 2005
    1. Drummond MF, Sculpher MJ, Torrance GW, O'Brien BJ, Syoddart GL. Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes. 3rd Edition. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press, 2005.
Elliott 2008
    1. Elliott JC, Carey KB, Bolles JR. Computer‐based interventions for college drinking: a qualitative review. Addictive Behaviors 2008;33(8):994‐1005. - PMC - PubMed
Endnote 2014 [Computer program]
    1. Thomson Reuters. Endnote. Version X7. New York, NY: Thomson Reuters, 2014.
Essex 2014
    1. Essex HN, White IR, Khadjesari Z, Linke S, McCambridge J, Murray E, et al. Quality of life among hazardous and harmful drinkers: EQ‐5D over a 1‐year follow‐up period. Quality of Life Research 2014;23(2):733‐43. - PubMed
Fitzgibbon 2008
    1. Fitzgibbon ML, Stolley M, Schiffer L, Sharp L, Singh V, Horn L, et al. Obesity reduction black intervention trial (ORBIT): design and baseline characteristics. Journal of Women's Health 2008;17(7):1099‐110. - PMC - PubMed
Gardner 2016
    1. Gardner B, Smith L, Lorencatto F, Hamer M, Biddle SJ. How to reduce sitting time? A review of behaviour change strategies used in sedentary behaviour reduction interventions among adults. Health Psychology Review 2016;10(1):89‐112. - PMC - PubMed
Garrett 2010
    1. Garrett JJ. The Elements of User Experience: User‐centered Design for the Web and Beyond. New York, NY: Pearson Education, 2010.
GRADE 2004
    1. GRADE 2004. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2004;328:1490‐4. - PMC - PubMed
GRADEpro GDT 2015 [Computer program]
    1. McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime). GRADEpro GDT. Version accessed prior to 22 August 2017. Hamilton (ON): McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime), 2015.
Guyatt 2008
    1. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck‐Ytter Y, Alonso‐Coello P, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. British Medical Journal 2008;336(7560):924‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Guyatt 2011
    1. Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, Kunz R, Vist G, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines 1. Introduction‐GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2011;64(4):383‐94. - PubMed
Hempel 2013
    1. Hempel S, Miles JNV, Booth MJ, Wang Z, Morton SC, Shekelle PG. Risk of bias: a simulation study of power to detect study‐level moderator effects in meta‐analysis. Systematic Reviews 2013;2(1):107. - PMC - PubMed
Herring 2008
    1. Herring R, Berridge V, Thom B. Binge drinking: an exploration of a confused concept. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2008;62(6):476‐9. - PubMed
Hester 2006
    1. Hester RK, Miller JH. Computer‐based tools for diagnosis and treatment of alcohol problems. Alcohol Research and Health 2006;29(1):36‐40. - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JAC. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011.
Hróbjartsson 2014
    1. Hróbjartsson A, Emanuelsson F, Thomsen ASS, Hilden J, Brorson S. Bias due to lack of patient blinding in clinical trials. a systematic review of trials randomizing patients to blind and nonblind sub‐studies. International Journal of Epidemiology 2014;43(4):1272‐83. - PMC - PubMed
Kalinowski 2016
    1. Kalinowski A, Humphreys K. Governmental standard drink definitions and low‐risk alcohol consumption guidelines in 37 countries. Addiction 2016;111(7):1293‐8. - PubMed
Kaner 2007
    1. Kaner EFS, Dickinson HO, Beyer FR, Campbell F, Schlesinger C, Heather N, et al. Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004148.pub3] - DOI - PubMed
Kaner 2011
    1. Kaner EFS, Bewick BM. Brief alcohol intervention in young people: the impact of practitioner and internet‐based approaches. In: Saunders JB, Rey JM editor(s). Young People and Alcohol: Impact, Policy, Prevention, Treatment. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley‐Blackwell, 2011:153‐69.
Kaner 2012
    1. Kaner EFS. Health sector responses. In: Anderson P, Moller l, Galea G editor(s). Alcohol in the European Union: Consumption, Harm and Policy Approaches. Copenhagen: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, 2012:40‐9.
Katikireddi 2017
    1. Katikireddi SV, Whitley E, Lewsey J, Gray L, Leyland AH. Socioeconomic status as an effect modifier of alcohol consumption and harm: analysis of linked cohort data. Lancet. Public Health 2017;2(6):e267‐76. - PMC - PubMed
Khadjesari 2011
    1. Khadjesari Z, Murray E, Hewitt C, Hartley S, Godfrey C. Can stand‐alone computer‐based interventions reduce alcohol consumption? A systematic review. Addiction 2011;106(2):267‐82. - PubMed
Kruger 2014
    1. Kruger J, Brennan A, Strong M, Thomas C, Norman P, Epton T. The cost‐effectiveness of a theory‐based online health behaviour intervention for new university students: an economic evaluation. BMC Public Health 2014;14:1011. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1011] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Landis 1977
    1. Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 1977;33(1):159‐74. - PubMed
Lefebvre 2011
    1. Lefebvre C, Manheimer E, Glanville J. Chapter 6: Searching for studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011.
Lorencatto 2015
    1. Lorencatto, F, West R, Bruguera C, Brose LS, Michie S. Assessing the quality of goal setting in behavioural support for smoking cessation and its association with outcomes. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2016;50(2):310‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Mavridis 2014
    1. Mavridis D, Salanti G. How to assess publication bias: funnel plot, trim‐and‐fill method and selection models. Evidence Based Mental Health 2014;17(1):30. - PubMed
McAvoy 2001
    1. McAvoy BR, Donovan RJ, Jalleh G, Saunders JB, Wutzke SE, Lee N, et al. General practitioners, prevention and alcohol ‐ a powerful cocktail? Facilitators and inhibitors of practising preventive medicine in general and early intervention for alcohol in particular: a 12‐nation key informant and general practitioner study. Drugs Education Prevention and Policy 2001;8(2):103‐17.
McGovern 2013
    1. McGovern R, Kaner EFS. Alcohol prevention and treatment: interventions for hazardous, harmful, and dependent drinkers. The Handbook of Health Behavior Change. New York (NY): Springer, 2013:211‐27.
McManus 2009
    1. McManus S, Meltzer H, Brugha T, Bebbington P, Jenkins R (eds). Adult psychiatric morbidity in England, 2007: results of a household survey (2009). content.digital.nhs.uk/catalogue/PUB02931/adul‐psyc‐morb‐res‐hou‐sur‐eng... (accessed prior to 14 August 2017).
McQueen 2011
    1. McQueen J, Howe TE, Allan L, Mains D, Hardy V. Brief interventions for heavy alcohol users admitted to general hospital wards. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005191.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Michie 2009
    1. Michie S, Abraham C, Whittington C, McAteer J, Gupta S. Effective techniques in healthy eating and physical activity interventions: A meta‐regression. Health Psychology 2009;28(6):690‐701. - PubMed
Michie 2010
    1. Michie S, Prestwich A. Are interventions theory‐based? Development of a theory coding scheme. Health Psychology 2010;29(1):1‐8. - PubMed
Michie 2012
    1. Michie S, Whittington C, Hamoudi Z, Zarnani F, Tober G, West R. Identification of behaviour change techniques to reduce excessive alcohol consumption. Addiction 2012;107(8):1431‐40. - PubMed
Michie 2013
    1. Michie S, Richardson M, Johnston M, Abraham C, Francis J, Hardeman W, et al. The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2013;46(1):81‐95. - PubMed
Michie 2014
    1. Michie S, West R, Campbell R, Brown J, Gainforth H. ABC of Behaviour Change Theories. Sutton (UK): Silverback Publishing, 2014.
Michie 2015
    1. Michie S, Wood C, Johnston M, Abraham C, Francis J, Hardeman W. Behaviour change techniques: the development and evaluation of a taxonomic method for reporting and describing behaviour change interventions. Health Technology Assessment 2015;19(99):1‐188. - PMC - PubMed
MIller 1982
    1. Miller W, Munoz, R. How to control your drinking: a practical guide to responsible drinking. Revised. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, 1982.
Miller 1988
    1. Miller WR, Sovereign RG, Krege B. Motivational interviewing with problem drinkers: II. The Drinker's Check‐up as a preventive intervention. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 1988;16(4):251‐68.
Miller 1994
    1. Miller WR, Sanchez VC. Motivating young adults for treatment and lifestyle change. In: Howard G editor(s). Issues in Alcohol Use and Misuse by Young Adults. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1994.
Miller 2002
    1. Miller WR, Rollnick S. Motivational interviewing: preparing people to change addictive behavior. 2nd Edition. New York: Guilford Publications, 2002.
Moyer 2002
    1. Moyer A, Finney JW, Swearingen CE, Vergun P. Brief interventions for alcohol problems: a meta‐analytic review of controlled investigations in treatment and non‐treatment‐seeking populations. Addiction 2002;97(3):279‐92. - PubMed
Nair 2015
    1. Nair NK, Newton NC, Shakeshaft A, Wallace P, Teesson M. A systematic review of digital and computer‐based alcohol intervention programs in primary care. Current Drug Abuse Reviews 2015;8(2):111‐8. - PubMed
Newman 2011
    1. Newman MG, Szkodny LE, Llera SJ, Przeworski A. A review of technology‐assisted self‐help and minimal contact therapies for drug and alcohol abuse and smoking addiction: is human contact necessary for therapeutic efficacy?. Clinical Psychology Review 2011;31(1):178‐86. - PubMed
O'Donnell 2013
    1. O’Donnell A, Anderson P, Newbury‐Birch D, Schulte B, Schmidt C, Reimer J, et al. The impact of brief alcohol interventions in primary healthcare: a systematic review of reviews. Alcohol and Alcoholism 2013;49(1):66‐78. - PMC - PubMed
Purshouse 2013
    1. Purshouse RC, Brennan A, Rafia R, Latimer NR, Archer RJ, Angus CR, et al. Modelling the cost‐effectiveness of alcohol screening and brief interventions in primary care in England. Alcohol and Alcoholism 2013;48(2):180‐8. - PubMed
Rehm 2009
    1. Rehm J, Mathers C, Popova S, Thavorncharoensap M, Teerawattananon Y, Patra J. Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol‐use disorders. Lancet 2009;373(9682):2223‐33. - PubMed
Reinert 2007
    1. Reinert DF, Allen JP. The alcohol use disorders identification test: an update of research findings. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 2007;31(2):185‐99. - PubMed
Review Manager 2014 [Computer program]
    1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
Riley 2011
    1. Riley WT, Rivera DE, Atienza A, Nilsen W, Allison SM, Mermelstein R. Health behavior models in the age of mobile interventions: are our theories up to the task?. Translational Behavioral Medicine 2011;1(1):53‐71. - PMC - PubMed
Riper 2011
    1. Riper H, Spek V, Boon B, Conijn B, Kramer J, Martin‐Abello K, et al. Effectiveness of E‐self‐help interventions for curbing adult problem drinking: a meta‐analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2011;13(2):e42. - PMC - PubMed
Riper 2014
    1. Riper H, Blankers M, Hadiwijaya H, Cunningham J, Clarke S, Wiers R, et al. Effectiveness of guided and unguided low‐intensity internet interventions for adult alcohol misuse: a meta‐analysis. PloS One 2014;9(6):e99912. - PMC - PubMed
Rooke 2010
    1. Rooke S, Thorsteinsson E, Karpin A, Copeland J, Allsop D. Computer‐delivered interventions for alcohol and tobacco use: a meta‐analysis. Addiction 2010;105(8):1381‐90. - PubMed
Saranummi 2013
    1. Saranummi N, Spruijt‐Metz D, Intille SS, Korhonen I, Nilsen WJ, Pavel M. Moving the science of behavioral change into the 21st century. IEEE Pulse 2013;4(6):32‐3. - PubMed
Schulz 2014a
    1. Schulz DN, Smit ES, Stanczyk NE, Kremers SP, Vries H, Evers SM. Economic evaluation of a web‐based tailored lifestyle intervention for adults: findings regarding cost‐effectiveness and cost‐utility from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2014;16(3):e91. - PMC - PubMed
Smit 2011
    1. Smit F, Lokkerbol J, Riper H, Majo C, Boon B, Blankers M. Modeling the cost‐effectiveness of health care systems for alcohol use disorders: How implementation of eHealth interventions improves cost‐effectiveness. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2011;13(3):93‐106. - PMC - PubMed
Spring 2013
    1. Spring B, Gotsis M, Paiva A, Spruijt‐Metz D. Healthy apps: mobile devices for continuous monitoring and intervention. IEEE Pulse 2013;4(6):34‐40. - PMC - PubMed
Spruijt‐Metz 2015
    1. Spruijt‐Metz D, Hekler E, Saranummi N, Intille S, Korhonen I, Nilsen W, et al. Building new computational models to support health behavior change and maintenance: new opportunities in behavioral research. Translational Behavioral Medicine 2015;5(3):335‐46. - PMC - PubMed
Stata 2015 [Computer program]
    1. StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software. Version 14. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP, 2015.
Struzzo 2013
    1. Struzzo P, Scafato E, McGregor R, Della Vedova R, Verbano L, Lygidakis C, et al. A randomised controlled non‐inferiority trial of primary care‐based facilitated access to an alcohol reduction website (EFAR‐FVG): the study protocol. BMJ Open 2013;3(2):e002304. - PMC - PubMed
Sullivan 2011
    1. Sullivan L, Tetrault J, Braithwaite S, Turner BJ, Fiellin DA. A meta‐analysis of the efficacy of nonphysician brief interventions for unhealthy alcohol use: implications for the patient‐centered medical home. American Journal on Addictions 2011;20(4):343‐56. - PubMed
Terrin 2005
    1. Terrin N, Schmid CH, Lau J. In an empirical evaluation of the funnel plot, researchers could not visually identify publication bias. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2005;58(9):894‐901. - PubMed
UK Government 2012
    1. UK Government. The government's alcohol strategy (2012). www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/224075... (accessed prior to 14 August 2017).
UK Government 2017
    1. UK Government. Alcohol and young people (2017). www.gov.uk/alcohol‐young‐people‐law (accessed prior to 14 August 2017).
Vernon 2010
    1. Vernon ML. A review of computer‐based alcohol problem services designed for the general public. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2010;38(3):203‐11. - PMC - PubMed
Voils 2014
    1. Voils CI, King HA, Maciejewski ML, Allen KD, Yancy WS, Shaffer JA. Approaches for informing optimal dose of behavioral interventions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2014;48(3):392‐401. - PMC - PubMed
Webb 2010
    1. Webb TL, Joseph J, Yardley L, Michie S. Using the internet to promote health behavior change: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the impact of theoretical basis, use of behavior change techniques, and mode of delivery on efficacy. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2010;12(1):e4. - PMC - PubMed
Webster 2015
    1. Webster R, Gerressu M, Michie S, Estcourt C, Anderson J, Ang Chee S, et al. Defining the content of an online sexual health intervention: the MenSS website. JMIR Research Protocols 2015;4(3):e82. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
West 2005
    1. West R. Time for a change: putting the transtheoretical (stages of change) model to rest. Addiction 2005;100(8):1036. - PubMed
West 2015
    1. West R, Michie S. A Guide to Development and Evaluation of Digital Behaviour Change Interventions in Healthcare. London: Silverback Publishing, 2015.
White 2010
    1. White A, Kavanagh D, Stallman H, Klein B, Kay‐Lambkin F, Proudfoot J, et al. Online alcohol interventions: a systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2010;12(5):e62. - PMC - PubMed
WHO 1992
    1. World Health Organization. The ICD‐10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines (1992). www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/GRNBOOK.pdf (accessed prior to 14 August 2017).
WHO 2009
    1. World Health Organization. Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease related to selected major risks (2009). www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GlobalHealthRisks_report_fu... (accessed prior to 14 August 2017).
WHO 2014
    1. World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health 2014. www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/en/. Geneva: World Health Organization, (accessed prior to 14 August 2017).
Wilson 2011
    1. Wilson G, Lock C, Heather N, Cassidy P, Christie M, Kaner E. Intervention against excessive alcohol consumption in primary health care: a survey of GPs’ attitudes and practices in England ten years on. Alcohol and Alcoholism 2011;46(5):570‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Yardley 2016
    1. Yardley L, Choudhury T, Patrick K, Michie S. Current issues and future directions for research Into digital behavior change interventions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2016;51(5):814‐5. - PubMed
Zisserson 2007
    1. Zisserson RN, Palfai TP, Saitz R. "No‐contact" interventions for unhealthy college drinking: efficacy of alternatives to person‐delivered intervention approaches. Substance Abuse 2007;28(4):119‐31. - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Kaner 2015
    1. Kaner EF, Beyer FR, Brown J, Crane D, Garnett C, Hickman M, et al. Personalised digital interventions for reducing hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption in community‐dwelling populations. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011479] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources