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. 2017 Sep 26;4(4):81.
doi: 10.3390/bioengineering4040081.

Encapsulation of Antifouling Organic Biocides in Poly(lactic acid) Nanoparticles

Aristotelis Kamtsikakis  1 , Eleni Kavetsou  2 , Konstantina Chronaki  3 , Evangelia Kiosidou  4 , Evangelia Pavlatou  5 , Alexandra Karana  6 , Constantine Papaspyrides  7 , Anastasia Detsi  8 , Antonis Karantonis  9 , Stamatina Vouyiouka  10
Affiliations

Encapsulation of Antifouling Organic Biocides in Poly(lactic acid) Nanoparticles

Aristotelis Kamtsikakis et al. Bioengineering (Basel). .

Abstract

The scope of the current research was to assess the feasibility of encapsulating three commercial antifouling compounds, Irgarol 1051, Econea and Zinc pyrithione, in biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanoparticles. The emulsification-solvent evaporation technique was herein utilized to manufacture nanoparticles with a biocide:polymer ratio of 40%. The loaded nanoparticles were analyzed for their size and size distribution, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and thermal properties, while the relevant physicochemical characteristics were correlated to biocide-polymer system. In addition, the encapsulation process was scaled up and the prepared nanoparticles were dispersed in a water-based antifouling paint in order to examine the viability of incorporating nanoparticles in such coatings. Metallic specimens were coated with the nanoparticles-containing paint and examined regarding surface morphology.

Keywords: PLA; antifouling; biocides; encapsulation; marine applications; nanoparticles.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
SEM image of Irgarol-loaded poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanoparticles.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Correlation of encapsulation efficiency and solubility in water of the three tested biocides.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Release profile of Irgarol from loaded PLA nanoparticles.
Figure 4
Figure 4
FTIR-ATR spectrum of Irgarol NPs and comparison spectra.
Figure 5
Figure 5
FTIR-ATR spectrum of Econea NPs and comparison spectra.
Figure 6
Figure 6
FTIR-ATR spectrum of ZPT NPs and comparison spectra.
Figure 7
Figure 7
(a) Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and (b) thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curve of the PLA grade used as encapsulation carrier.
Figure 8
Figure 8
(a) DSC and (b) TGA curve of Irgarol NPs and comparison curves.
Figure 9
Figure 9
(a) DSC and (b) TGA curve of Econea NPs and comparison curves.
Figure 10
Figure 10
(a) DSC and (b) TGA curve of ZPT NPs and comparison curves.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Stereoscopical view of the coated specimens (a) without NPs and (b) with dispersed Econea-loaded NPs.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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