Multicentre analysis of second-line antiretroviral treatment in HIV-infected children: adolescents at high risk of failure

Abstract

Introduction: The number of HIV-infected children and adolescents requiring second-line antiretroviral treatment (ART) is increasing in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). However, the effectiveness of paediatric second-line ART and potential risk factors for virologic failure are poorly characterized. We performed an aggregate analysis of second-line ART outcomes for children and assessed the need for paediatric third-line ART.

Methods: We performed a multicentre analysis by systematically reviewing the literature to identify cohorts of children and adolescents receiving second-line ART in LMIC, contacting the corresponding study groups and including patient-level data on virologic and clinical outcomes. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates and Cox proportional hazard models were used to describe cumulative rates and predictors of virologic failure. Virologic failure was defined as two consecutive viral load measurements >1000 copies/ml after at least six months of second-line treatment.

Results: We included 12 cohorts representing 928 children on second-line protease inhibitor (PI)-based ART in 14 countries in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. After 24 months, 16.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 13.9-19.4) of children experienced virologic failure. Adolescents (10-18 years) had failure rates of 14.5 (95% CI 11.9-17.6) per 100 person-years compared to 4.5 (95% CI 3.4-5.8) for younger children (3-9 years). Risk factors for virologic failure were adolescence (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 3.93, p < 0.001) and short duration of first-line ART before treatment switch (aHR 0.64 and 0.53, p = 0.008, for 24-48 months and >48 months, respectively, compared to <24 months).

Conclusions: In LMIC, paediatric PI-based second-line ART was associated with relatively low virologic failure rates. However, adolescents showed exceptionally poor virologic outcomes in LMIC, and optimizing their HIV care requires urgent attention. In addition, 16% of children and adolescents failed PI-based treatment and will require integrase inhibitors to construct salvage regimens. These drugs are currently not available in LMIC.

Keywords: HIV-1; adolescents; antiretroviral treatment; children; second-line treatment; virologic failure.

Figure 1.

Flow chart of study and participant selection. NNRTI: non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor; LPV/r: ritonavir-boosted lopinavir; VL: viral load.

Figure 2.

(a, b) Cumulative incidence of virologic failure among children and adolescents on second-line treatment. (a) Primary analysis and (b) secondary analysis. Virologic failure in the primary analysis is defined as two consecutive VL results >1000 copies/ml after at least six months of second-line treatment (n = 722) and in the secondary analysis as a single VL >1000 copies/ml after at least six months of second-line treatment (n = 911). T0 is set at six months after treatment switch; total follow-up time is 60 months.