Biosensors based on electrochemical lactate detection: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Lactate detection plays a significant role in healthcare, food industries and is specially necessitated in conditions like hemorrhage, respiratory failure, hepatic disease, sepsis and tissue hypoxia. Conventional methods for lactate determination are not accurate and fast so this accelerated the need of sensitive biosensors for high-throughput screening of lactate in different samples. This review focuses on applications and developments of various electrochemical biosensors based on lactate detection as lactate being essential metabolite in anaerobic metabolic pathway. A comparative study to summarize the L-lactate biosensors on the basis of different analytical properties in terms of fabrication, sensitivity, detection limit, linearity, response time and storage stability has been done. It also addresses the merits and demerits of current enzyme based lactate biosensors. Lactate biosensors are of two main types - lactate oxidase (LOD) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) based. Different supports tried for manufacturing lactate biosensors include membranes, polymeric matrices-conducting or non-conducting, transparent gel matrix, hydrogel supports, screen printed electrodes and nanoparticles. All the examples in these support categories have been aptly discussed. Finally this review encompasses the conclusion and future emerging prospects of lactate sensors.

Keywords: Biosensor; Lactate; Lactate dehydrogenase; Lactate oxidase; Nanomaterials.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

Electrochemical reactions involved in LOD biosensors.

Fig. 2

Electrochemical reactions involved in LDH biosensors.

Fig. 3

Basic principle of electrochemical biosensor.

Fig. 4

Schematic representation showing generation of different products.

Fig. 5

Schematic representation showing biosensor operating with mediator.

Fig. 6

Different supports available for fabrication of working electrode.