A bouquet of DNA structures: Emerging diversity

Abstract

Structural polymorphism of DNA has constantly been evolving from the time of illustration of the double helical model of DNA by Watson and Crick. A variety of non-canonical DNA structures have constantly been documented across the globe. DNA attracted worldwide attention as a carrier of genetic information. In addition to the classical Watson-Crick duplex, DNA can actually adopt diverse structures during its active participation in cellular processes like replication, transcription, recombination and repair. Structures like hairpin, cruciform, triplex, G-triplex, quadruplex, i-motif and other alternative non-canonical DNA structures have been studied at length and have also shown their in vivo occurrence. This review mainly focuses on non-canonical structures adopted by DNA oligonucleotides which have certain prerequisites for their formation in terms of sequence, its length, number and orientation of strands along with varied solution conditions. This conformational polymorphism of DNA might be the basis of different functional properties of a specific set of DNA sequences, further giving some insights for various extremely complicated biological phenomena. Many of these structures have already shown their linkages with diseases like cancer and genetic disorders, hence making them an extremely striking target for structure-specific drug designing and therapeutic applications.

Keywords: Alternate DNA structures; Hairpin; Quadruplex; Structural polymorphism; Triplex; i-motif.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

Bouquet of non-canonical DNA structures.

Fig. 2

Pictorial representation of biological applications of non-canonical DNA structures.

Fig. 3

Biologically relevant structures. (a) Hairpin and Cruciform at protein binding site. (b)Formation of Guanine-quadruplex at chromosomal ends/telomeres.