Predicting the Global Potential Distribution of Four Endangered Panax Species in Middle-and Low-Latitude Regions of China by the Geographic Information System for Global Medicinal Plants (GMPGIS)

doi:10.3390/molecules22101630

. 2017 Sep 28;22(10):1630.

doi: 10.3390/molecules22101630.

Predicting the Global Potential Distribution of Four Endangered Panax Species in Middle-and Low-Latitude Regions of China by the Geographic Information System for Global Medicinal Plants (GMPGIS)

Zhixia Du¹, Jie Wu², Xiangxiao Meng³, Jinhua Li⁴, Linfang Huang⁵

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100193, China. zxdu712@126.com.
² Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China. jwu1986@icmm.ac.cn.
³ Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China. xxmeng@icmm.ac.cn.
⁴ Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100193, China. jinhuali108@126.com.
⁵ Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100193, China. lfhuang@implad.ac.cn.

PMID: 28956837
PMCID: PMC6151741
DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101630

Predicting the Global Potential Distribution of Four Endangered Panax Species in Middle-and Low-Latitude Regions of China by the Geographic Information System for Global Medicinal Plants (GMPGIS)

Zhixia Du et al. Molecules. 2017.

. 2017 Sep 28;22(10):1630.

doi: 10.3390/molecules22101630.

Authors

Zhixia Du¹, Jie Wu², Xiangxiao Meng³, Jinhua Li⁴, Linfang Huang⁵

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100193, China. zxdu712@126.com.
² Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China. jwu1986@icmm.ac.cn.
³ Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China. xxmeng@icmm.ac.cn.
⁴ Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100193, China. jinhuali108@126.com.
⁵ Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100193, China. lfhuang@implad.ac.cn.

PMID: 28956837
PMCID: PMC6151741
DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101630

Abstract

Global biodiversity is strongly influenced by the decrease in endangered biological species. Predicting the distribution of endangered medicinal plants is necessary for resource conservation. A spatial distribution model-geographic information system for global medicinal plants (GMPGIS)-is used to predict the global potential suitable distribution of four endangered Panax species, including Panax japonicas (T. Nees) C. A. Meyer and Panax japonicas var. major (Burkill) C. Y. Wu & K. M. Feng distributed in low- and middle-latitude, Panax zingiberensis C. Y. Wu & K. M. Feng and Panax stipuleanatus C. T. Tsai & K. M. Feng in low-latitude regions of China based on seven bioclimatic variables and 600 occurrence points. Results indicate that areas of P. japonicus and P. japonicusvar. major are 266.29 × 10⁵ and 77.5 × 10⁵ km², respectively, which are mainly distributed in China and America. By contrast, the areas of P. zingiberensis and P. stipuleanatus are 5.09 × 10⁵ and 2.05 × 10⁵ km², respectively, which are mainly distributed in Brazil and China. P. japonicus has the widest distribution among the four species. The data also indicate that the mean temperature of coldest quarter is the most critical factor. This scientific prediction can be used as reference for resource conservation of endangered plants and as a guide to search for endangered species in previously unknown areas.

Keywords: Panax; geographic information system for global medicinal plants (GMPGIS); global potential distribution.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Global spatial distribution of sample points for four endangered *Panax* species, (blue) *P. japonicas*; (red) *P. japonicus var. major*; (yellow) *P. zingiberensis*; (green) *P. stipuleanatus*.

**Figure 2**
Boxplot of ecological factor of four endangered *Panax* species by MATLAB, ecological factor scope of *P. japonicus* and *P. japonicus* var. major are much broader(1: *P. japonicas*; 2: *P. japonicus var. major*; 3: *P. zingiberensis*; 4: *P. stipuleanatus*).

**Figure 3**
Spatial distribution map of potential suitable distribution for *P. japonicus* by GMPGIS. (A) Global potential distribution; (B) Global rank of the potential distribution area; (C) Chinese potential distribution.

**Figure 4**
Spatial distribution map of potential suitable distribution for *P. japonicus var. major* by GMPGIS. (A) Global potential distribution; (B) Global rank of the potential distribution area; (C) Chinese potential distribution.

**Figure 5**
Spatial distribution map of potential suitable distribution for *P. zingiberensis* by GMPGIS. (A) Global potential distribution; (B) Global rank of the potential distribution area; (C) Chinese potential distribution.

**Figure 6**
Spatial distribution map of potential suitable distribution for *P. stipuleanatus* by GMPGIS. (A) Global potential distribution; (B) Global rank of the potential distribution area; (C) Chinese potential distribution.

**Figure 7**
Spatial distribution map of potential distribution for four endangered *Panax* species based on MaxEnt. (A: *P. japonicas*; B: *P. japonicus var. major*; C: *P. zingiberensis*; D: *P. stipuleanatus*).

**Figure 8**
Picture of plant and materials (A) (1: *P. japonicus*, 2, 5: *P. japonicus var. major*, 3: *P. zingiberensis*, 4: *P. stipuleanatus*), and flow-chart of potential distribution similarity analysis (B).

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References

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1. Rai A., Yamazaki M., Takahashi H., Nakamura M., Kojoma M., Suzuki H., Saito K. RNA-seq Transcriptome Analysis of Panax japonicus, and Its Comparison with Other Panax Species to Identify Potential Genes Involved in the Saponins Biosynthesis. Front. Plant Sci. 2016;7:e0144. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00481. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Zhang S., Wang R., Zeng W., Zhu W., Zhang X., Wu C., Song J., Zheng Y., Chen P. Resource investigation of traditional medicinal plant Panax japonicus (T. Nees) C.A. Mey and its varieties in China. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015;166:79–85. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.051. - DOI - PubMed
1. Shi F.X., Li M.R., Li Y.L., Jiang P., Zhang C., Pan Y.Z., Liu B., Xiao H.X., Li L.F. The impacts of polyploidy, geographic and ecological isolations on the diversification of Panax (Araliaceae) BMC Plant Biol. 2015;15:1–11. doi: 10.1186/s12870-015-0669-0. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Liu J., Liu Y., Wang Y., Abozeid A., Zu Y.G., Zhang X.N., Tang Z.H. GC-MS Metabolomic Analysis to Reveal the Metabolites and Biological Pathways Involved in the Developmental Stages and Tissue Response of Panax ginseng. Molecules. 2017;22:496. doi: 10.3390/molecules22030496. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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[1] Yang X., Wang R., Zhang S., Zhu W., Tang J., Liu J., Chen P., Zhang D., Ye W., Zheng Y. Polysaccharides from Panax japonicus C.A. Meyer and their antioxidant activities. Carbohydr. Polym. 2014;101:386–391. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.038. - DOI - PubMed

[2] Yang X., Wang R., Zhang S., Zhu W., Tang J., Liu J., Chen P., Zhang D., Ye W., Zheng Y. Polysaccharides from Panax japonicus C.A. Meyer and their antioxidant activities. Carbohydr. Polym. 2014;101:386–391. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.038. - DOI - PubMed

[3] Rai A., Yamazaki M., Takahashi H., Nakamura M., Kojoma M., Suzuki H., Saito K. RNA-seq Transcriptome Analysis of Panax japonicus, and Its Comparison with Other Panax Species to Identify Potential Genes Involved in the Saponins Biosynthesis. Front. Plant Sci. 2016;7:e0144. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00481. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[4] Rai A., Yamazaki M., Takahashi H., Nakamura M., Kojoma M., Suzuki H., Saito K. RNA-seq Transcriptome Analysis of Panax japonicus, and Its Comparison with Other Panax Species to Identify Potential Genes Involved in the Saponins Biosynthesis. Front. Plant Sci. 2016;7:e0144. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00481. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[5] Zhang S., Wang R., Zeng W., Zhu W., Zhang X., Wu C., Song J., Zheng Y., Chen P. Resource investigation of traditional medicinal plant Panax japonicus (T. Nees) C.A. Mey and its varieties in China. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015;166:79–85. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.051. - DOI - PubMed

[6] Zhang S., Wang R., Zeng W., Zhu W., Zhang X., Wu C., Song J., Zheng Y., Chen P. Resource investigation of traditional medicinal plant Panax japonicus (T. Nees) C.A. Mey and its varieties in China. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015;166:79–85. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.051. - DOI - PubMed

[7] Shi F.X., Li M.R., Li Y.L., Jiang P., Zhang C., Pan Y.Z., Liu B., Xiao H.X., Li L.F. The impacts of polyploidy, geographic and ecological isolations on the diversification of Panax (Araliaceae) BMC Plant Biol. 2015;15:1–11. doi: 10.1186/s12870-015-0669-0. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[8] Shi F.X., Li M.R., Li Y.L., Jiang P., Zhang C., Pan Y.Z., Liu B., Xiao H.X., Li L.F. The impacts of polyploidy, geographic and ecological isolations on the diversification of Panax (Araliaceae) BMC Plant Biol. 2015;15:1–11. doi: 10.1186/s12870-015-0669-0. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[9] Liu J., Liu Y., Wang Y., Abozeid A., Zu Y.G., Zhang X.N., Tang Z.H. GC-MS Metabolomic Analysis to Reveal the Metabolites and Biological Pathways Involved in the Developmental Stages and Tissue Response of Panax ginseng. Molecules. 2017;22:496. doi: 10.3390/molecules22030496. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[10] Liu J., Liu Y., Wang Y., Abozeid A., Zu Y.G., Zhang X.N., Tang Z.H. GC-MS Metabolomic Analysis to Reveal the Metabolites and Biological Pathways Involved in the Developmental Stages and Tissue Response of Panax ginseng. Molecules. 2017;22:496. doi: 10.3390/molecules22030496. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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Predicting the Global Potential Distribution of Four Endangered Panax Species in Middle-and Low-Latitude Regions of China by the Geographic Information System for Global Medicinal Plants (GMPGIS)

Affiliations

Predicting the Global Potential Distribution of Four Endangered Panax Species in Middle-and Low-Latitude Regions of China by the Geographic Information System for Global Medicinal Plants (GMPGIS)

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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