Naturally occurring diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione concentrations associated with roasting and grinding unflavored coffee beans in a commercial setting

Abstract

Over the last decade, concerns have been raised about potential respiratory health effects associated with occupational exposure to the flavoring additives diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione. Both of these diketones are also natural components of many foods and beverages, including roasted coffee. To date, there are no published studies characterizing workplace exposures to these diketones during commercial roasting and grinding of unflavored coffee beans. In this study, we measured naturally occurring diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione, and respirable dust at a facility that roasts and grinds coffee beans with no added flavoring agents. Sampling was conducted over the course of three roasting batches and three grinding batches at varying distances from a commercial roaster and grinder. The three batches consisted of lightly roasted soft beans, lightly roasted hard beans, and dark roasted hard beans. Roasting occurred for 37 to 41 min, and the grinding process took between 8 and 11 min. Diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione, and respirable dust concentrations measured during roasting ranged from less than the limit of detection (<LOD) to 0.0039 ppm, <LOD to 0.018 ppm, and <LOD to 0.31 mg/m³, respectively. During grinding, diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione, and respirable dust concentrations ranged from 0.018 to 0.39 ppm, 0.0089 to 0.21 ppm, and <LOD to 1.7 mg/m³, respectively. For any given bean/roast combination and sample location, diketone concentrations during grinding were higher than those measured during roasting. During grinding, concentrations decreased with increased distance from the source. Measured concentrations of both diketones were higher during grinding of soft beans than hard beans. The results indicate that airborne concentrations of naturally occurring diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione associated with unflavored coffee processing: (1) are similar to the concentrations that have been measured in food flavoring facilities; (2) are likely to exceed some recommended short-term occupational exposure limits, but; (3) based on previous analyses of exposure response relationships in animal studies, are far below the concentrations that are expected to cause even minimal responses in the human respiratory tract.

Keywords: 2,; 3-Pentanedione; Coffee; Diacetyl; Exposure assessment; NIOSH; National institute for occupational safety and health.

Fig. 1

Schematic of coffee roaster facility.

Fig. 2

Comparison of diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione concentrations during grinding activities to recommended or proposed occupational exposure limits (OELs). Error bars represent minimum and maximum detected concentrations. There were two samples (n = 2) collected at each location for each bean/roast combination.

Fig. 3

Task-based (⿤15 min) airborne concentrations of diacetyl associated with handling flavorings.

Fig. 4

Estimated mean 8-h TWA diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione concentrations, as a function of the total time spent grinding per day.