Postacute Care Setting, Facility Characteristics, and Poststroke Outcomes: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Objectives: To synthesize research comparing poststroke health outcomes between patients rehabilitated in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) and those in inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) as well as to evaluate relations between facility characteristics and outcomes.

Data sources: PubMed and CINAHL searches spanned January 1, 1998, to October 6, 2016, and encompassed MeSH and free-text keywords for stroke, IRF/SNF, and study outcomes. Searches were restricted to peer-reviewed research in humans published in English.

Study selection: Observational and experimental studies examining outcomes of adult patients with stroke rehabilitated in an IRF or SNF were eligible. Studies had to provide site of care comparisons and/or analyses incorporating facility-level characteristics and had to report ≥1 primary outcome (discharge setting, functional status, readmission, quality of life, all-cause mortality). Unpublished, single-center, descriptive, and non-US studies were excluded. Articles were reviewed by 1 author, and when uncertain, discussion with study coauthors achieved consensus. Fourteen titles (0.3%) were included.

Data extraction: The types of data, time period, size, design, and primary outcomes were extracted. We also extracted 2 secondary outcomes (length of IRF/SNF stay, cost) when reported by included studies. Effect measures, modeling approaches, methods for confounding adjustment, and potential confounders were extracted. Data were abstracted by 1 author, and the accuracy was verified by a second reviewer.

Data synthesis: Two studies evaluating community discharge, 1 study evaluating the predicted probability of readmission, and 3 studies evaluating all-cause mortality favored IRFs over SNFs. Functional status comparisons were inconsistent. No studies evaluated quality of life. Two studies confirmed increased costs in the IRF versus SNF setting. Although substantial facility variation was described, few studies characterized sources of variation.

Conclusions: The few studies comparing poststroke outcomes indicated better outcomes (with higher costs) for patients in IRFs versus those in SNFs. Contemporary research on the role of the postacute care setting and its attributes in determining health outcomes should be prioritized to inform reimbursement system reform.

Keywords: Outcome assessment (health care); Rehabilitation; Skilled nursing facilities; Stroke rehabilitation; Subacute care.

Figure 1

PRISMA Flow Diagram for Selection of Eligible Studies of Skilled Nursing Facility and Inpatient Rehabilitation Hospital for Post-Stroke Care