Intended or Unintended Doping? A Review of the Presence of Doping Substances in Dietary Supplements Used in Sports

doi:10.3390/nu9101093

Review

. 2017 Oct 4;9(10):1093.

doi: 10.3390/nu9101093.

Intended or Unintended Doping? A Review of the Presence of Doping Substances in Dietary Supplements Used in Sports

José Miguel Martínez-Sanz^{1

2}, Isabel Sospedra^{3

4}, Christian Mañas Ortiz⁵, Eduard Baladía^{6

7}, Angel Gil-Izquierdo^{8

9}, Rocio Ortiz-Moncada^{10

11}

Affiliations

¹ Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain. josemiguel.ms@ua.es.
² Research Group on Food and Nutrition (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain. josemiguel.ms@ua.es.
³ Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain. isospedra@ua.es.
⁴ Research Group on Food and Nutrition (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain. isospedra@ua.es.
⁵ Pharmacy faculty, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain. e.baladia@academianutricion.org.
⁶ Research Group on Food and Nutrition (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain. angelgil@cebas.csic.es.
⁷ Evidence-Based Nutrition Network (RED-NuBE), Spanish Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AEND), 31006 Navarra, Spain. angelgil@cebas.csic.es.
⁸ Research Group on Food and Nutrition (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain. rocio.ortiz@ua.es.
⁹ Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain. rocio.ortiz@ua.es.
¹⁰ Research Group on Food and Nutrition (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain. christianmanas@hotmail.es.
¹¹ Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and History of Science Health, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain. christianmanas@hotmail.es.

PMID: 28976928
PMCID: PMC5691710
DOI: 10.3390/nu9101093

Review

Intended or Unintended Doping? A Review of the Presence of Doping Substances in Dietary Supplements Used in Sports

José Miguel Martínez-Sanz et al. Nutrients. 2017.

. 2017 Oct 4;9(10):1093.

doi: 10.3390/nu9101093.

Authors

José Miguel Martínez-Sanz^{1

2}, Isabel Sospedra^{3

4}, Christian Mañas Ortiz⁵, Eduard Baladía^{6

7}, Angel Gil-Izquierdo^{8

9}, Rocio Ortiz-Moncada^{10

11}

Affiliations

¹ Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain. josemiguel.ms@ua.es.
² Research Group on Food and Nutrition (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain. josemiguel.ms@ua.es.
³ Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain. isospedra@ua.es.
⁴ Research Group on Food and Nutrition (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain. isospedra@ua.es.
⁵ Pharmacy faculty, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain. e.baladia@academianutricion.org.
⁶ Research Group on Food and Nutrition (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain. angelgil@cebas.csic.es.
⁷ Evidence-Based Nutrition Network (RED-NuBE), Spanish Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AEND), 31006 Navarra, Spain. angelgil@cebas.csic.es.
⁸ Research Group on Food and Nutrition (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain. rocio.ortiz@ua.es.
⁹ Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain. rocio.ortiz@ua.es.
¹⁰ Research Group on Food and Nutrition (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain. christianmanas@hotmail.es.
¹¹ Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and History of Science Health, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain. christianmanas@hotmail.es.

PMID: 28976928
PMCID: PMC5691710
DOI: 10.3390/nu9101093

Abstract

Introduction: The use of dietary supplements is increasing among athletes, year after year. Related to the high rates of use, unintentional doping occurs. Unintentional doping refers to positive anti-doping tests due to the use of any supplement containing unlisted substances banned by anti-doping regulations and organizations, such as the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The objective of this review is to summarize the presence of unlabeled doping substances in dietary supplements that are used in sports.

Methodology: A review of substances/metabolites/markers banned by WADA in ergonutritional supplements was completed using PubMed. The inclusion criteria were studies published up until September 2017, which analyzed the content of substances, metabolites and markers banned by WADA.

Results: 446 studies were identified, 23 of which fulfilled all the inclusion criteria. In most of the studies, the purpose was to identify doping substances in dietary supplements.

Discussion: Substances prohibited by WADA were found in most of the supplements analyzed in this review. Some of them were prohormones and/or stimulants. With rates of contamination between 12 and 58%, non-intentional doping is a point to take into account before establishing a supplementation program. Athletes and coaches must be aware of the problems related to the use of any contaminated supplement and should pay special attention before choosing a supplement, informing themselves fully and confirming the guarantees offered by the supplement.

Keywords: WADA; dietary supplements; doping; ergonutritional aids.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

This paper corresponds to a literature review and it isn’t sent to another journal, besides this paper does not have present conflicts of interest and economic with institutions, organizations or authors. They are ceded to Nutrients, the exclusive rights to edit, publish, reproduce, distribute copies, prepare derivative works on paper, electronic or multimedia and include the article in national and international indices or databases.

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References

1. Directive 2002/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 02 on the Approximation of the Laws of the Member States Relating to Food Supplements. European Parliament and of the Council; Brussels, Belgium: 2002. pp. 51–57.
1. Gil-Antuñano N.P., Bonafonte L.F., Marqueta P.M., Manuz B., García J.A.V. Consenso sobre bebidas para el deportista. Composición y pautas de reposición de liquidos. Arch. Med. Deporte. 2008;25:245–258.
1. Wallace T.C. Twenty Years of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act—How Should Dietary Supplements Be Regulated? J. Nutr. 2015;145:1683–1686. doi: 10.3945/jn.115.211102. - DOI - PubMed
1. Maughan R.J. Quality assurance issues in the use of dietary supplements, with special reference to protein supplements. J. Nutr. 2013;143:1843S–1847S. doi: 10.3945/jn.113.176651. - DOI - PubMed
1. Van Thuyne W., Van Eenoo P., Delbeke F.T. Nutritional supplements: Prevalence of use and contamination with doping agents. Nutr. Res. Rev. 2006;19:147–158. doi: 10.1079/NRR2006122. - DOI - PubMed

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[1] Directive 2002/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 02 on the Approximation of the Laws of the Member States Relating to Food Supplements. European Parliament and of the Council; Brussels, Belgium: 2002. pp. 51–57.

[2] Directive 2002/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 02 on the Approximation of the Laws of the Member States Relating to Food Supplements. European Parliament and of the Council; Brussels, Belgium: 2002. pp. 51–57.

[3] Gil-Antuñano N.P., Bonafonte L.F., Marqueta P.M., Manuz B., García J.A.V. Consenso sobre bebidas para el deportista. Composición y pautas de reposición de liquidos. Arch. Med. Deporte. 2008;25:245–258.

[4] Gil-Antuñano N.P., Bonafonte L.F., Marqueta P.M., Manuz B., García J.A.V. Consenso sobre bebidas para el deportista. Composición y pautas de reposición de liquidos. Arch. Med. Deporte. 2008;25:245–258.

[5] Wallace T.C. Twenty Years of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act—How Should Dietary Supplements Be Regulated? J. Nutr. 2015;145:1683–1686. doi: 10.3945/jn.115.211102. - DOI - PubMed

[6] Wallace T.C. Twenty Years of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act—How Should Dietary Supplements Be Regulated? J. Nutr. 2015;145:1683–1686. doi: 10.3945/jn.115.211102. - DOI - PubMed

[7] Maughan R.J. Quality assurance issues in the use of dietary supplements, with special reference to protein supplements. J. Nutr. 2013;143:1843S–1847S. doi: 10.3945/jn.113.176651. - DOI - PubMed

[8] Maughan R.J. Quality assurance issues in the use of dietary supplements, with special reference to protein supplements. J. Nutr. 2013;143:1843S–1847S. doi: 10.3945/jn.113.176651. - DOI - PubMed

[9] Van Thuyne W., Van Eenoo P., Delbeke F.T. Nutritional supplements: Prevalence of use and contamination with doping agents. Nutr. Res. Rev. 2006;19:147–158. doi: 10.1079/NRR2006122. - DOI - PubMed

[10] Van Thuyne W., Van Eenoo P., Delbeke F.T. Nutritional supplements: Prevalence of use and contamination with doping agents. Nutr. Res. Rev. 2006;19:147–158. doi: 10.1079/NRR2006122. - DOI - PubMed

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Intended or Unintended Doping? A Review of the Presence of Doping Substances in Dietary Supplements Used in Sports

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Intended or Unintended Doping? A Review of the Presence of Doping Substances in Dietary Supplements Used in Sports

Authors

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