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Review
. 2017 Oct 6;15(1):181.
doi: 10.1186/s12957-017-1249-6.

Extracranial metastases of high-grade glioma: the clinical characteristics and mechanism

Qian Sun  1 , Rui Xu  2 , Hongbo Xu  1 , Gengming Wang  1 , Xueming Shen  1 , Hao Jiang  3
Affiliations
Review

Extracranial metastases of high-grade glioma: the clinical characteristics and mechanism

Qian Sun et al. World J Surg Oncol. .

Abstract

Background: This presentation of two cases and literature review discusses the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of high-grade glioma with extracranial metastases.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of the clinical features of two cases of malignant glioma, including metastatic sites, pathological data, and treatment methods, and a literature review was performed.

Results: Two patients developed extracranial metastases within 1 year after surgery for primary glioma. One patient developed cervical lymph node and bone metastases while the other developed bone metastases, and both patients died within 2 months after the diagnosis of the extracranial metastasis.

Conclusion: Extracranial metastases may develop from malignant gliomas. According to the literature, the most common extracranial site is intraspinal (along the neural axis), followed by the vertebrae, lungs, liver, and lymph nodes. The complex metastatic mechanism remains unclear, and the prognosis is very poor, with a survival duration of less than 6 months.

Keywords: Extracranial metastasis; Glioma; Prognosis.

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Conflict of interest statement

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was conducted with approval from the Ethics Committee of Bengbu Medical College. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
a Primary tumor (HE): The pathological section area chosen in A1 picture is untypical. The typical pathological picture with the replaced area has been provided. From the perspective of the new pathological section, it can be observed that primary tumor and metastatic lesion have the consistent histological characters: different cellular size, multinuclear tumor giant cells, obvious nucleolus, red dyeing of cytoplasm, and visible pathological fission. b Metastasis of lymphonodus (HE): B1 lymph node metastasis shows lots of lymphocytes. c Immunohistochemical results of metastasis (C1: Des; C2: GFAP; C3: S100; C4: Vim)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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