Organised screening for cervical cancer in France: a cost-effectiveness assessment

Abstract

Objective: According to the third cancer plan, organised screening (OS) of cervical cancer (CC) among women aged 25-65 years should be implemented in France in the forthcoming years. The most efficient way to implement OS in the French healthcare system is yet to be determined.

Methods: A microsimulation model was developed adopting a collective 'all payers' perspective. A closed cohort of women eligible for CC screening and representative in terms of age and participation in individual screening (IndScr) by annual Papanicolaou (Pap) testing every 3 years was modelled on a lifetime horizon. Different OS strategies, additive to IndScr with a 61.9% participation rate based on mailed invitations to non-participant women to perform OS were assessed. Similar modalities were applied to OS and IndScr participants. Strategies implied different screening tests (Papanicolaou (Pap) test, human papillomavirus (HPV) test and p16/Ki67 double staining) and OS periodicity.

Results: Compared with IndScr only, all OS strategies were associated with decreased cancer incidence/mortality (from 14.2%/13.5% to 22.9%/25.8%). Most strategies generated extra costs ranging from €37.9 to €1607 per eligible woman. HPV testing every 10 and 5 years were cost saving. HPV tests every 10 and 5 years were the most efficient strategies, generating more survival at lower costs than Pap-based strategies. Compared to IndScr only, an HPV test every 10 years was cost saving. The most effective strategies were p16/Ki67 as primary or HPV positive confirmation tests, with respective incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of €6 541 250 and €101 391 per life year. Pap-based strategies generated intermediary results.

Conclusion: OS strategies based on the HPV test appear highly efficient. However, our results rely on the assumption that women and practitioners comply with the recommended OS periodicities (3, 5, 10 years). Implementing these OS modalities will require major adaptations to the current CC screening organisation. Pap test-based strategies might be simpler to setup while preparing an appropriate implementation of more efficient OS screening modalities.

Keywords: gynaecological oncology; health economics; public health.

Figure 1

Structure of the model for the natural history of cervical cancer.

Figure 2

Results of organised screening strategies assessed on cancer reduction rate and associated mean cost. HPV, human papillomavirus; Pap, Papanicolaou.

Figure 3

Tornado diagram of deterministic sensitivity analysis and scenario analyses with the biggest impact on survival for HPV/Pap-10y versus current situation. HPV, human papillomavirus; Pap, Papanicolaou.

Figure 4

Tornado diagram of deterministic sensitivity analysis and scenario analyses with the biggest impact on costs for HPV/Pap-10y versus current situation. HPV, human papillomavirus; Pap, Papanicolaou