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Review
. 2017 Dec;4(4):405-414.
doi: 10.1007/s40572-017-0164-x.

Potential Sex Differences Relative to Autism Spectrum Disorder and Metals

Aisha S Dickerson  1   2 , Ran S Rotem  3 , MacKinsey A Christian  4 , Vy T Nguyen  3 , Aaron J Specht  3
Affiliations
Review

Potential Sex Differences Relative to Autism Spectrum Disorder and Metals

Aisha S Dickerson et al. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2017 Dec.

Abstract

Purpose of review: This study aims to summarize the current body of literature on the relationship between various toxic metals exposures (i.e., aluminum, antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, and nickel) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with a focus on potential sex differences in these associations.

Recent findings: Sex differences in ASD diagnosis and mutagenic effects of toxic exposures indicate that sex differences may play a major part in the causal relationship of any potential associations seen; however, we were only able to find three studies that reported on sex differences in observed associations with toxic metals exposure and ASD. We also found several studies investigating associations between ASD and metals exposures, including 11 on aluminum, 6 on antimony, 15 on arsenic, 5 on beryllium, 17 on cadmium, 11 on chromium, 25 on lead, 14 on manganese, and 13 on nickel with markers of exposure in hair, urine, blood, teeth, fingernails, and air pollution. Results for each metal were conflicting, but studies on cadmium and lead yielded the highest proportion of studies with positive results (72% and 36%, respectively). Based on our examination of existing literature, the current evidence warrants a considerable need for evaluations of sex differences in future studies assessing the association between metals exposures and ASD. Additionally, failure to account for potential sex differences could result in bias and misinterpretation of exposure-disease relationships.

Keywords: Autism; Environmental exposures; Markers of exposure; Metabolism; Metals; Sex differences.

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Conflict of interest statement

Compliance with Ethical Standards

Conflict of Interest Aisha S. Dickerson, Ran Rotem, MacKinsey A. Christian, Vy T. Nguyen, and Aaron Specht, declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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