Lung function response and side effects to rapamycin for lymphangioleiomyomatosis: a prospective national cohort study

Abstract

Rationale: Mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibitors reduce loss of lung function in lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), although their benefit varies between individuals. We examined lung function response and side effects to rapamycin in a national cohort.

Methods: Subjects were receiving rapamycin for progressive lung disease. Clinical evaluation, detailed phenotyping, serial lung function, rapamycin and safety monitoring were performed according to a clinical protocol. Lung function change, measured as FEV₁ slope (ΔFEV₁), was reported for those treated for 1 year or longer.

Results: Rapamycin was associated with improved ΔFEV₁ in 21 individuals where pretreatment data were available (p<0.0001). In 47 treated for a mean duration of 35.8 months, mean ΔFEV₁ was +11 (SD 75) mL/year, although it varied from +254 to -148 mL/year. The quartile with the highest positive ΔFEV₁ had greater pretreatment FEV₁ (p=0.02) and shorter disease durations (p=0.02) than the lowest quartile. Serum rapamycin level was positively associated with side effects (p=0.02) but not ΔFEV₁ over 1 year. Within the first month of therapy, apthous ulcers, nausea and diarrhoea were associated with higher rapamycin levels. Acne, oedema and menstrual irregularities tended to increase over the first year of therapy. At the end of observation, the prevalence of side effects was 5% or less.

Conclusions: Rapamycin reduces lung function loss in LAM, although in some, ΔFEV₁ continues to fall at an accelerated rate. Poor response to rapamycin was associated with lower pretreatment lung function and longer disease duration but not serum level. Early intervention with low-dose rapamycin may preserve lung function and reduce side effects.

Keywords: rare lung diseases.