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Review
. 2017 Oct 10;10(1):472.
doi: 10.1186/s13071-017-2417-9.

Review of the evolution of insecticide resistance in main malaria vectors in Cameroon from 1990 to 2017

Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio  1   2 , N Sonhafouo-Chiana  3 , C S Ngadjeu  4 , P Doumbe-Belisse  4 , A Talipouo  4 , L Djamouko-Djonkam  5 , E Kopya  4 , R Bamou  5 , P Awono-Ambene  6 , Charles S Wondji  7
Affiliations
Review

Review of the evolution of insecticide resistance in main malaria vectors in Cameroon from 1990 to 2017

Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio et al. Parasit Vectors. .

Abstract

Background: Malaria remains a major public health threat in Cameroon and disease prevention is facing strong challenges due to the rapid expansion of insecticide resistance in vector populations. The present review presents an overview of published data on insecticide resistance in the main malaria vectors in Cameroon to assist in the elaboration of future and sustainable resistance management strategies.

Methods: A systematic search on mosquito susceptibility to insecticides and insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Cameroon was conducted using online bibliographic databases including PubMed, Google and Google Scholar. From each peer-reviewed paper, information on the year of the study, mosquito species, susceptibility levels, location, insecticides, data source and resistance mechanisms were extracted and inserted in a Microsoft Excel datasheet. The data collected were then analysed for assessing insecticide resistance evolution.

Results: Thirty-three scientific publications were selected for the analysis. The rapid evolution of insecticide resistance across the country was reported from 2000 onward. Insecticide resistance was highly prevalent in both An. gambiae (s.l.) and An. funestus. DDT, permethrin, deltamethrin and bendiocarb appeared as the most affected compounds by resistance. From 2000 to 2017 a steady increase in the prevalence of kdr allele frequency was noted in almost all sites in An. gambiae (s.l.), with the L1014F kdr allele being the most prevalent. Several detoxification genes (particularly P450 monooxygenase) were associated with DDT, pyrethroids and bendiocarb resistance. In An. funestus, resistance to DDT and pyrethroids was mainly attributed to the 119F-GSTe2 metabolic resistance marker and over-expression of P450 genes whereas the 296S-RDL mutation was detected in dieldrin-resistant An. funestus.

Conclusions: The review provides an update of insecticide resistance status in malaria vector populations in Cameroon and stresses the need for further actions to reinforce malaria control strategies in the coming years.

Keywords: An. funestus; An. gambiae (s.l.); Cameroon; Insecticide resistance; Malaria; Vector control.

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Conflict of interest statement

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study was conducted under the ethical clearance No. 2016/11/832/CE/CNERSH/SP delivered by the Cameroon National Ethics (CNE) Committee for Research on Human Health Ref No. 0977/A/MINSANTE/SESP/SG/DROS of 18 April 2012. The study did not report the use any human subject.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
A map of Cameroon showing the distribution of study sites and members of the An. gambiae complex and An. funestus
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Proportion of sites scoring high susceptibility (mortality rate > 90%) of An. gambiae populations to organochlorines, pyrethroids, carbamates and organophosphates in Cameroon between 1998 and 2017
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Evolution of An. gambiae (s.l.) populations mortality rate to DDT in different sites across Cameroon from 1998 to 2017
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Evolution of An. gambiae (s.l.) populations mortality rate to Permethrin in different sites across Cameroon from 1998 to 2017
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Evolution of An. gambiae (s.l.) populations mortality rate to Deltamethrin in different sites across Cameroon from 1998 to 2017
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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