Age and Gender Differences in Facial Attractiveness, but Not Emotion Resemblance, Contribute to Age and Gender Stereotypes

Abstract

Considerable research has shown effects of facial appearance on trait impressions and group stereotypes. We extended those findings in two studies that investigated the contribution of resemblance to emotion expressions and attractiveness to younger adults (YA) and older adults (OA) age and gender stereotypes on the dimensions of warmth and competence. Using connectionist modeling of facial metrics of 240 neutral younger and older faces, Study 1 found that, neutral expression older faces or female faces showed greater structural resemblance to happy expressions and less resemblance to angry expressions than did younger or male faces, respectively. In addition, neutral female faces showed greater resemblance to surprise expressions. In Study 2, YA and OA rated the faces of Study 1 for attractiveness and for 4 traits that we aggregated on the dimensions of competence (competent, healthy) and warmth (trustworthy, not shrewd). We found that YA, but not OA, age stereotypes replicated previous research showing higher perceived warmth and lower perceived competence in older adults. In addition, previously documented gender stereotypes were moderated by face age for both YA and OA. The greater attractiveness of younger than older faces and female than male faces influenced age and gender stereotypes, including these deviations from prior research findings using category labels rather than faces. On the other hand, face age and face sex differences in emotion resemblance did not influence age or gender stereotypes, contrary to prediction. Our results provide a caveat to conclusions about age and gender stereotypes derived from responses to category labels, and they reveal the importance of assessing stereotypes with a methodology that is sensitive to influences of group differences in appearance that can exacerbate or mitigate stereotypes in more ecologically valid contexts. Although the gender differences in attractiveness in the present study may not have generalizability, the age differences likely do, and the fact that they can weaken the attribution of greater warmth and strengthen the attribution of lower competence to older than younger individuals has important practical implications.

Keywords: aging; attractiveness; connectionist models; emotion resemblance; face perception; facial expression; stereotypes; traits impression.

Figure 1

Location of facial metrics used as inputs to the connectionist models trained on facial metrics. All metrics were normed by E2, interpupil distance. B1, Eyebrow separation; B2, Eyebrow height; B6, Distance from lower inner corner eyebrow and top of eye; E1, Eye separation; E2, Interpupil distance (used to normalize other measures); E3, Distance between outer corners of eyes; E4, Horizontal eye width; E5, Eye height; C1, Chin to pupil height; C3, Chin length; M0, Mouth width; M1, Lip thickness; M3, Distance from end of nose to middle top of upper lip; M4, Upper lip thickness; N2, Nose width; N3, Nose length; W1, Jaw width; W4, Face width.

Figure 2

Warmth: Face Age × Rater Age interaction. Error bars are SE.

Figure 3

Warmth: Face Age × Face Sex interaction. Error bars are SE.

Figure 4

Competence: Face Age × Rater Age interaction. Error bars are SE.

Figure 5

Competence: Face Age × Face Sex interaction. Error bars are SE.

Figure 6

Competence: Face Age × Face Sex × Rater Age interaction. Error bars are SE.

Figure 7

Attractiveness: Face Age × Face Sex interaction. Error bars are SE.