Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2017 Oct 14;5(4):72.
doi: 10.3390/healthcare5040072.

Reference Intervals for Non-Fasting CVD Lipids and Inflammation Markers in Pregnant Indigenous Australian Women

Tracy L Schumacher  1   2   3   4 , Christopher Oldmeadow  5   6 , Don Clausen  7 , Loretta Weatherall  8 , Lyniece Keogh  9 , Kirsty G Pringle  10   11 , Kym M Rae  12   13   14   15   16
Affiliations

Reference Intervals for Non-Fasting CVD Lipids and Inflammation Markers in Pregnant Indigenous Australian Women

Tracy L Schumacher et al. Healthcare (Basel). .

Abstract

Indigenous Australians experience high rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The origins of CVD may commence during pregnancy, yet few serum reference values for CVD biomarkers exist specific to the pregnancy period. The Gomeroi gaaynggal research project is a program that undertakes research and provides some health services to pregnant Indigenous women. Three hundred and ninety-nine non-fasting samples provided by the study participants (206 pregnancies and 175 women) have been used to construct reference intervals for CVD biomarkers during this critical time. A pragmatic design was used, in that women were not excluded for the presence of chronic or acute health states. Percentile bands for non-linear relationships were constructed according to the methods of Wright and Royston (2008), using the xriml package in StataIC 13.1. Serum cholesterol, triglycerides, cystatin-C and alkaline phosphatase increased as gestational age progressed, with little change seen in high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and γ glutamyl transferase. Values provided in the reference intervals are consistent with findings from other research projects. These reference intervals will form a basis with which future CVD biomarkers for pregnant Indigenous Australian women can be compared.

Keywords: Australian Aborigine; biomarkers; cardiovascular; gestation; inflammation; lipids; pregnancy; reference growth curves.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Non-fasting percentile ranges: (a) Cholesterol (n = 398 observations); (b) triglycerides (n = 397 observations); (c) Cystatin C (n = 348 observations); (d) ALP (16 years to less than 22 years) (n = 132); (e) ALP (22 years and older) (n = 263 observations); (f) GGT (n = 397 observations); (g) hs-CRP (n = 382 observations). (h) Key designating colors and symbols for centile bands, BMI categories and status of adverse outcomes related to pregnancy. Adverse outcomes related to pregnancy include gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, proteinuria, albuminuria, large for gestational age and small for gestational age babies.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. World Health Organization The Top 10 Causes of Death. [(accessed on 2 August 2017)]; Available online: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/
    1. Australian Bureau of Statistics . In: Australian Aboriginal and Torres strait Islander Health Survey: Biomedical Results, 2012-13. Australian Bureau of Statistics, editor. Commonwealth of Australia; Canberra, Australia: 2014.
    1. Kelishadi R., Poursafa P. A review on the genetic, environmental, and lifestyle aspects of the early-life origins of cardiovascular disease. Curr. Probl. Pediatr. Adolesc. Health Care. 2014;44:54–72. doi: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2013.12.005. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Juonala M., Magnussen C.G., Venn A., Dwyer T., Burns T.L., Davis P.H., Chen W., Srinivasan S.R., Daniels S.R., Kahonen M., et al. Influence of age on associations between childhood risk factors and carotid intima-media thickness in adulthood: The cardiovascular risk in young finns study, the childhood determinants of adult health study, the bogalusa heart study, and the muscatine study for the international childhood cardiovascular cohort (i3c) consortium. Circulation. 2010;122:2514–2520. - PubMed
    1. National Vascular Disease Prevention Alliance. Lalor E., Boyden A., Cadilhac D., Colagiur S., Doust J., Fraser D., Harris M., Huang N., Johnson D., et al. Guidelines for the Management of Absolute Cardiovascular Disease Risk. National Stroke Foundation; Melbourne, Australia: 2012. Report 0987283014.

LinkOut - more resources