Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2017 Nov;124(11S):S27-S33.
doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.07.022.

Update in Current Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Dry Eye Disease

Praneetha Thulasi  1 , Ali Reza Djalilian  2
Affiliations
Review

Update in Current Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Dry Eye Disease

Praneetha Thulasi et al. Ophthalmology. 2017 Nov.

Abstract

Dry eye disease (DED) represents a heterogeneous group of conditions with tear film insufficiency and signs and/or symptoms of ocular surface irritation. The clinical manifestations of DED can be highly variable; hence the diagnosis is often based on a combination of symptoms, signs, and clinical tests, given that any one of these alone would miss a significant number of patients. Similarly, the treatment must often be tailored to each patient by targeting the specific mechanisms involved in his or her disease. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances that have allowed us to better recognize, categorize, and treat patients with DED. The most notable new diagnostic tests in DED are tear film osmolarity, inflammatory biomarkers, and meibomian gland imaging. Therapeutically, anti-inflammatory therapy, meibomian gland heating and expression, and scleral contact lenses are some of the latest options available for treating DED.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest

None

References

    1. Bron AJ, Tomlinson A, Foulks GN, et al. Rethinking dry eye disease: a perspective on clinical implications. The ocular surface 2014;12(2 Suppl):S1–31. - PubMed
    1. Lemp MA, Bron AJ, Baudouin C, et al. Tear osmolarity in the diagnosis and management of dry eye disease. American journal of ophthalmology 2011;151(5):792–798.e791. - PubMed
    1. Solomon A, Dursun D, Liu Z, Xie Y, Macri A, Pflugfelder SC. Pro- and anti-inflammatory forms of interleukin-1 in the tear fluid and conjunctiva of patients with dry-eye disease. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 2001;42(10):2283–2292. - PubMed
    1. Lanza NL, McClellan AL, Batawi H, et al. Dry Eye Profiles in Patients with a Positive Elevated Surface Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Point-of-Care Test Versus Negative Patients. The ocular surface 2016;14(2):216–223. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Messmer EM, von Lindenfels V, Garbe A, Kampik A. Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Testing in Dry Eye Disease Using a Commercially Available Point-of-Care Immunoassay. Ophthalmology 2016;123(11):2300–2308. - PubMed

Publication types