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Review
. 2017 Oct 24;15(10):329.
doi: 10.3390/md15100329.

Marine-Derived Penicillium Species as Producers of Cytotoxic Metabolites

Sen Liu  1 , Mingzhi Su  2 , Shao-Jiang Song  3 , Jee H Jung  4
Affiliations
Review

Marine-Derived Penicillium Species as Producers of Cytotoxic Metabolites

Sen Liu et al. Mar Drugs. .

Abstract

Since the discovery of penicillin, Penicillium has become one of the most attractive fungal genera for the production of bioactive molecules. Marine-derived Penicillium has provided numerous excellent pharmaceutical leads over the past decades. In this review, we focused on the cytotoxic metabolites * (* Cytotoxic potency was referred to five different levels in this review, extraordinary (IC50/LD50: <1 μM or 0.5 μg/mL); significant (IC50/LD50: 1~10 μM or 0.5~5 μg/mL); moderate (IC50/LD50: 10~30 μM or 5~15 μg/mL); mild (IC50/LD50: 30~50 μM or 15~25 μg/mL); weak (IC50/LD50: 50~100 μM or 25~50 μg/mL). The comparative potencies of positive controls were referred when they were available). produced by marine-derived Penicillium species, and on their cytotoxicity mechanisms, biosyntheses, and chemical syntheses.

Keywords: biosynthesis; cytotoxic metabolites; marine-derived Penicillium; natural products.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Chemical structures of compounds 1–17.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Chemical structures of compounds 18–24.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Chemical structures of compounds 25–30.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Chemical structures of compounds 31–32.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Chemical structures of compounds 33–42.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Chemical structures of compounds 44–46.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Chemical structures of compounds 47–50.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Chemical structures of compounds 51–59.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Chemical structures of compounds 60–63.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Chemical structures of compounds 64–67.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Chemical structures of compounds 68–70.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Chemical structures of compounds 71–77.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Chemical structures of compounds 78–85.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Chemical structures of compounds 86–89.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Chemical structures of compounds 90–95.
Figure 16
Figure 16
Chemical structures of compounds 96–102.
Figure 17
Figure 17
Chemical structures of compounds 103–110.
Figure 18
Figure 18
Chemical structures of compounds 111–121.
Figure 19
Figure 19
Chemical structures of compounds 122–125.
Figure 20
Figure 20
Chemical structures of compounds 126–132.
Figure 21
Figure 21
Chemical structures of compounds 133–147.
Figure 22
Figure 22
Chemical structures of compounds 148–150.
Figure 23
Figure 23
Chemical structures of compounds 151–160.
Figure 24
Figure 24
Chemical structures of compounds 161–166.
Figure 25
Figure 25
Chemical structures of compounds 167–174.
Figure 26
Figure 26
Chemical structures of compounds 176–189.
Figure 27
Figure 27
Chemical structures of compounds 190–198.
Figure 28
Figure 28
Chemical structures of compounds 199–202.
Figure 29
Figure 29
Chemical structures of compounds 203–212.
Figure 30
Figure 30
Chemical structures of compounds 213–229.
Figure 31
Figure 31
Chemical structures of compounds 230–233.
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