Marine-Derived Penicillium Species as Producers of Cytotoxic Metabolites

Abstract

Since the discovery of penicillin, Penicillium has become one of the most attractive fungal genera for the production of bioactive molecules. Marine-derived Penicillium has provided numerous excellent pharmaceutical leads over the past decades. In this review, we focused on the cytotoxic metabolites * (* Cytotoxic potency was referred to five different levels in this review, extraordinary (IC₅₀/LD₅₀: <1 μM or 0.5 μg/mL); significant (IC₅₀/LD₅₀: 1~10 μM or 0.5~5 μg/mL); moderate (IC₅₀/LD₅₀: 10~30 μM or 5~15 μg/mL); mild (IC₅₀/LD₅₀: 30~50 μM or 15~25 μg/mL); weak (IC₅₀/LD₅₀: 50~100 μM or 25~50 μg/mL). The comparative potencies of positive controls were referred when they were available). produced by marine-derived Penicillium species, and on their cytotoxicity mechanisms, biosyntheses, and chemical syntheses.

Keywords: biosynthesis; cytotoxic metabolites; marine-derived Penicillium; natural products.

Figure 1

Chemical structures of compounds 1–17.

Figure 2

Chemical structures of compounds 18–24.

Figure 3

Chemical structures of compounds 25–30.

Figure 4

Chemical structures of compounds 31–32.

Figure 5

Chemical structures of compounds 33–42.

Figure 6

Chemical structures of compounds 44–46.

Figure 7

Chemical structures of compounds 47–50.

Figure 8

Chemical structures of compounds 51–59.

Figure 9

Chemical structures of compounds 60–63.

Figure 10

Chemical structures of compounds 64–67.

Figure 11

Chemical structures of compounds 68–70.

Figure 12

Chemical structures of compounds 71–77.

Figure 13

Chemical structures of compounds 78–85.

Figure 14

Chemical structures of compounds 86–89.

Figure 15

Chemical structures of compounds 90–95.

Figure 16

Chemical structures of compounds 96–102.

Figure 17

Chemical structures of compounds 103–110.

Figure 18

Chemical structures of compounds 111–121.

Figure 19

Chemical structures of compounds 122–125.

Figure 20

Chemical structures of compounds 126–132.

Figure 21

Chemical structures of compounds 133–147.

Figure 22

Chemical structures of compounds 148–150.

Figure 23

Chemical structures of compounds 151–160.

Figure 24

Chemical structures of compounds 161–166.

Figure 25

Chemical structures of compounds 167–174.

Figure 26

Chemical structures of compounds 176–189.

Figure 27

Chemical structures of compounds 190–198.

Figure 28

Chemical structures of compounds 199–202.

Figure 29

Chemical structures of compounds 203–212.

Figure 30

Chemical structures of compounds 213–229.

Figure 31

Chemical structures of compounds 230–233.