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Review
. 2017 Dec;52(12):1451-1461.
doi: 10.1007/s00127-017-1446-1. Epub 2017 Oct 28.

Social isolation in mental health: a conceptual and methodological review

Jingyi Wang  1 , Brynmor Lloyd-Evans  2 , Domenico Giacco  3 , Rebecca Forsyth  1 , Cynthia Nebo  1 , Farhana Mann  1 , Sonia Johnson  1   4
Affiliations
Review

Social isolation in mental health: a conceptual and methodological review

Jingyi Wang et al. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2017 Dec.

Abstract

Purpose: Social isolation and related concepts have been discussed increasingly in the field of mental health. Despite this, there is a lack of conceptual clarity and consistency in the definition and operationalisation of these terms. This review aimed to provide a clear framework for social isolation and related concepts, and to identify well-established measures in the field of mental health for each conceptual domain discussed.

Methods: We used an iterative strategy of expert consultation and literature searching. A multi-disciplinary group of senior academics was consulted both before and after the literature searching to identify relevant terms, conceptual papers, or recommended measures. Our conceptual framework was also validated through expert consultation. We searched the Web of Science database using terms suggested by experts and subsequently identified further relevant studies through review articles and by reading full texts and reference lists of included studies. A narrative synthesis was conducted.

Results: We developed a model with five domains incorporating all the concepts relevant to social isolation in regular use in the mental health research literature. These five domains are: social network-quantity; social network-structure; social network-quality; appraisal of relationships-emotional; and appraisal of relationships-resources. We also identified well-developed measures suitable for assessing each of the five conceptual domains or covering multi-domains.

Conclusions: Our review proposes a conceptual model to encompass and differentiate all terms relating to social isolation. Potential uses are in allowing researchers and intervention developers to identify precisely the intended outcomes of interventions, and to choose the most appropriate measures to use in mental health settings.

Keywords: Conceptual model; Loneliness; Measures; Mental health; Social isolation.

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Conflict of interest statement

Ethical standards

The manuscript does not contain clinical studies or patient data.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Social isolation and related concepts: conceptual map
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