Vaccination and nutritional status of children in Karawari, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea

Abstract

Delivery of health care services to rural and remote populations in Papua New Guinea (PNG) is problematic. This is mainly due to difficulties with transportation and communication. Hence, the children in this region of PNG are likely to be at risk of malnutrition compounded by inadequate vaccination that may predispose them to preventable diseases. This study was conducted to determine the vaccination and nutritional status of children less than 5 years old in the remote and rural Karawari area of PNG. 105 children were included in the study, of whom 55% were male and 45% female. The mean age of children included in the study was 32.6 months. Their age, height, and weight by gender was not significantly different. Overall, 85% of children had incomplete vaccination. However, children above the median age of 32 months (34%) were more likely to be fully vaccinated for their age, χ2 (1) = 23.294, p < 0.005. In addition, 25% of children were below the -1 SD (Z-scores) for weight-for-height, 33% below the -1 SD for weight-for-age, and 25.5% below the -1 SD for height-for-age compared to WHO standards. A large proportion of children had poor nutrition status and lack protection from vaccine preventable diseases. This study recommends that the government should introduce a surveillance system for detecting issues of importance to the rural majority. We also recommend that the PNG government reopen the nearby health centre, and/ or establish new facilities within the region, with adequately trained and compensated staff.

Fig 1. Map of Arafundi River and the study location, within Karawari local level government, East Sepik, PNG.

Figures shows the study location within East Sepik (blue circle), modified from Wikimedia Commons, NorPondo [40].

Fig 2. Weight-for-height chart of children aged five or less within the Karawari region compared to WHO standards.

Figures shows that 25% children were below -1 SD (Z- scores), 17% children were below -2 SD and 7% children were below -3 SD. The relation between weight and height of the children was statistically significant(r = 0.864 and p<0.001).

Fig 3. Weight-for-age chart of children aged five or less within the Karawari region compared to WHO standards.

Figures shows the nutritional status of children on the basis of weight-for-age; 33% of the children were below -1 SD, 33.5% were below -2 SD, and 11.5% below -3 SD. Correlation between weight and age is statistically significant (r = 0.861 and p<0.001).

Fig 4. Height-for-age chart of children aged five or less within the Karawari region compared to WHO standards.

Figures shows the nutritional status of children according to the height-for-age, 25.5% were below -1 SD, 34% were below -2 SD, and 20% were below -3 SD. The height and age of the children had statistically significant relation (r = 0.882 and p<0.001).