Understanding the implementation of 'sick day guidance' to prevent acute kidney injury across a primary care setting in England: a qualitative evaluation

Abstract

Objectives: The study sought to examine the implementation of sick day guidance cards designed to prevent acute kidney injury (AKI), in primary care settings.

Design: Qualitative semistructured interviews were conducted and comparative analysis informed by normalisation process theory was undertaken to understand sense-making, implementation and appraisal of the cards and associated guidance.

Setting: A single primary care health setting in the North of England.

Participants: 29 participants took part in the qualitative evaluation: seven general practitioners, five practice nurses, five community pharmacists, four practice pharmacists, two administrators, one healthcare assistant and five patients.

Intervention: The sick day guidance intervention was rolled out (2015-2016) in general practices (n=48) and community pharmacies (n=60). The materials consisted of a 'medicine sick day guidance' card, provided to patients who were taking the listed drugs. The card provided advice about medicines management during episodes of acute illness. An information leaflet was provided to healthcare practitioners and administrators suggesting how to use and give the cards.

Results: Implementation of sick day guidance cards to prevent AKI entailed a new set of working practises across primary care. A tension existed between ensuring reach in administration of the cards to at risk populations while being confident to ensure patient understanding of their purpose and use. Communicating the concept of temporary cessation of medicines was a particular challenge and limited their administration to patient populations at higher risk of AKI, particularly those with less capacity to self-manage.

Conclusions: Sick day guidance cards that focus solely on medicines management may be of limited patient benefit without adequate resourcing or if delivered as a standalone intervention. Development and evaluation of primary care interventions is urgently warranted to tackle the harm associated with AKI.

Keywords: acute kidney injury; patient safety; preventive medicine; primary care; qualitative research.

Figure 1

(A) and (B) Sick day guidance card used during this project. The NHS Highland sick day rules card was reproduced with new logos. ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; GP, general practitioner; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Figure 2

Guidance provided to health practitioners (shortened form). GP, general practitioner; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.