Chronic post-amputation pain: peri-operative management - Review

Abstract

Study design: Narrative review.

Method: Eight bibliographic databases were searched for studies published in the (last five years up until Feb 2017). For the two database searches (Cochrane and DARE), the time frame was unlimited. The review involved keyword searches of the term 'Amputation' AND 'chronic pain'. Studies selected were interrogated for any association between peri-operative factors and the occurrence of chronic post amputation pain (CPAP).

Results: Heterogeneity of study populations and outcome measures prevented a systematic review and hence a narrative synthesis of results was undertaken. The presence of variation in two gene alleles (GCH1 and KCNS1) may be relevant for development of CPAP. There was little evidence to draw conclusions on the association between age, gender and CPAP. Pre-operative anxiety and depression influenced pain intensity post operatively and long-term post amputation pain (CPAP). The presence of pre-amputation pain is correlated to the development of acute and chronic post amputation pain while evidence for the association of post-operative pain with CPAP is modest. Regional anaesthesia and peri-neural catheters improve acute postoperative pain relief but evidence on their efficacy to prevent CPAP is limited. A suggested whole system pathway based on current evidence to optimize peri-operative amputation pain is described.

Conclusion: The current evidence suggests that optimized peri-operative analgesia reduces the incidence of acute peri-operative pain but no firm conclusion can be drawn on reducing risk for CPAP.

Keywords: Amputation; chronic pain; persistent post-surgical pain; phantom limb pain; stump pain.

Figure 1.

The classification of amputation pain.

Figure 2.

Risk factors for development of chronic pain after amputation (CPAP)^,,,,,,,,,,,,.

Figure 3.

A suggested peri-operative pathway for management of amputation pain.