Identifying the Population with Serious Illness: The "Denominator" Challenge

Abstract

Background: To ensure seriously ill people and their families receive high-quality primary and specialty palliative care services, rigorous methods are needed to prospectively identify this population.

Objective: To define and operationalize a definition of serious illness for the purpose of identifying patients and caregivers who need primary or specialty palliative care services.

Design/setting: Two stages of work included (1) building expert consensus around a conceptual definition of serious illness and (2) using the National Health and Aging Trends Study linked to Medicare claims data to test a range of operational definitions composed of diagnoses, utilization, and markers of care needs.

Measurements: One-year outcomes included mean total Medicare costs, mortality, and percent hospitalized, as well as those reporting ≥2 measures of need and functional impairment. Sensitivity, specificity, and c-statistics (unadjusted and adjusted for age, sex, race, and Medicaid status) were calculated for each definition across the outcomes.

Results: Conceptually, "Serious illness" is a health condition that carries a high risk of mortality AND either negatively impacts a person's daily function or quality of life, OR excessively strains their caregivers. The range of operational definitions simulated all had low sensitivity and high specificity across all outcomes. None of the definitions reached an unadjusted c-statistic >0.6 (or adjusted >0.7) for identifying a population with ≥2 indicators of care needs.

Conclusions: Standard administrative data are inadequate to identify this population. Defining the seriously ill denominator with high specificity, as described here, will focus efforts toward the highest-need segment of the population, who may indeed benefit most.

Keywords: Medicare; denominator populations; health care spending; measures of need; serious illness.

FIG. 1.

Simulation of denominator definition using chronic conditions and claims. ^aChronic condition = 9 serious chronic conditions as per the Dartmouth Atlas of Healthcare method. ADL, activities of daily living; DME, durable medical equipment, specifically hospital bed, wheelchair or home oxygen; FFS, fee-for-service; HH, home health; SNF, skilled nursing facility.

FIG. 2.

Simulation of denominator definition using serious medical conditions and claims. ^aSerious medical condition = diagnoses and additional claims-based elements to provide evidence of advanced disease.

FIG. 3.

Simulation of denominator definition using serious medical conditions, claims, and function. ^aSerious medical condition = diagnoses and additional claims-based elements to provide evidence of advanced disease.

FIG. 4.

Serious illness denominator definitions and the identified populations' characteristics over one year. HH, home health.