White matter integrity mediates decline in age-related inhibitory control

Abstract

Previous DTI studies have reported associations between white matter integrity and performance on the Stroop interference task. The current study aimed to add to these studies of inhibitory control by investigating how the differences in age and in white matter integrity relate to Stroop performance, and to examine whether the effect of age on Stroop performance is mediated by white matter integrity. 179 healthy adults from 20 to 80 years old were recruited in the study. DTI data were processed through TRACULA and the mean fractional anisotropy (FA) of 18 major white matter tracts were extracted and used for statistical analysis. Correlation analysis showed a strong negative relationship between age and the Stroop interference score (I_G). Higher I_G indicated better inhibitory control. Simple linear regression analyses indicated that most of the tracts showed negative relationships with age, and positive relationships with I_G. Moderation effect of age on the relationship between FA and I_G was tested on tracts that significantly predicted I_G after multiple comparison corrections, but none of these moderations were significant. Then we tested if these tracts mediated the effect of age on I_G and found significant indirect effects of age on I_G through the FA of the left corticospinal tract and through the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus. Our results highlight the role of a number of major white matter tracts in the processes supporting the Stroop inhibitory performance and further pinpointed the lower white matter integrity of specific tracts as contributors to the decrease in inhibitory control ability associated with the Stroop test in older age.

Keywords: Aging; DTI; Inhibitory control; Mediation effect; Stroop interference; White matter integrity.

Figure 1

A. Mediation effects of age in Stroop interference score through FA of white matter tracts. I_G=Stroop interference score. L.CST=left hemisphere corticospinal tracts; R.ILF=right hemisphere inferior longitudinal fasciculus. IE 95% CL=95% confidential interval of indirect effect. c=total effect, c′=direct effect. B. Scatterplots of FA with I_G. left: L.CST=left corticospinal tract; right: R.ILF=right inferior longitudinal fasciculus; I_G=Stroop Interference Score; FA=fractional ansitropy. C. White matter tracts that show significant mediation effects. The left figure shows the left corticospinal tract (Y=16). The right figure shows the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus (X=25).