A randomized-controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression with integrated techniques from emotion-focused and exposure therapies

Abstract

Background: Emotional processing (EP) is hypothesized to be a key mechanism of change in psychotherapy that may enhance its long-term efficacy. To study the effects of fostering EP in psychotherapy for depression, this randomized-controlled clinical trial compares the efficacy and pattern of change of a cognitive-behavioral therapy that integrates emotion-focused techniques within an exposure framework (Exposure-Based Cognitive Therapy for depression; EBCT-R) to a standard cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).

Methods: One hundred and forty-nine depressed outpatients were randomized to a maximum of 22 sessions of manualized EBCT-R (N = 77) or CBT (N = 72). Primary outcomes were self-reported and clinician-rated depressive symptoms at posttreatment and 12-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes were self-esteem, interpersonal problems, and avoidance thoughts and behaviors.

Results: Depressive symptoms improved significantly over therapy in both treatments, with large within-group effect sizes for CBT (d = -1.95) and EBCT-R (d = -1.77). The pattern of depression change during treatment did not differ between treatments. Symptom relief lasted over 12 months and did not differ between EBCT-R and CBT.

Conclusions: Results suggest that both treatments produced significant short- and long-term improvement in depression symptoms, but the integration of emotion-focused techniques within an exposure framework did not have added benefit.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01012856 Clinical or methodological significance of this article: This trial compares cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with a similarly structured CBT that was designed to foster emotional processing by integrating emotion-focused techniques within an exposure framework. Results indicate that this form of assimilative integration did not improve outcomes at 12-month follow-up.

Keywords: Depressionen; Veränderungsmechanismen; cognitive–behavioral therapy; depression; depressione; depressão; emotional processing; emotionale Verarbeitung; expositionsbasierte kognitive Therapie; exposure-based cognitive therapy; kognitive Verhaltenstherapie; mecanismos de mudança; meccanismi di cambiamento; mechanisms of change; processamento delle emozioni; processamento emocional; terapia cognitiva basata sull'esposizione; terapia cognitiva baseada em exposição; terapia cognitiva comportamental; terapia cognitivo-comportamentale; 情緒歷程; 憂鬱症; 改變機制; 暴露為基礎的認知治療; 認知行為治療.