Muscle atrophy and recovery of individual thigh muscles as measured by magnetic resonance imaging scan during treatment with cast for ankle or foot fracture

Abstract

Purpose: We aimed to longitudinally investigate individual thigh muscle changes using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during treatment with cast of ankle or foot fracture. Moreover, we aimed to demonstrate whether measurements of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) are sensitive to muscle changes, contributing to simpler methods in clinical application .

Methods: Ten patients undergoing treatment with cast of acute ankle or foot fractures were studied. Axial MRI (1.5 T) was conducted around the affected mid-thigh region after the injury (Pre), after maintaining a nonweight-bearing (NWB) period (approximately 28 days), and after finishing rehabilitation (recovery). Regarding individual thigh muscles, the total CSAs corresponding to 40% of the femoral length (FL) and the CSAs at 5% interval of the FL were longitudinally measured. Standardized response means (SRMs) were accessed for sensitivity in the muscle changes.

Results: The total CSAs at NWB were significantly lower than those at Pre in vastus lateralis (10.9% ± 5.4%), vastus intermedius (8.4% ± 6.7%), and vastus medialis (11.2% ± 6.9%) ( p < 0.01 for all). In contrast, at recovery, the only significant muscle atrophy relative to that at Pre was observed in the semitendinosus of the proximal 15% and 10% CSAs ( p < 0.01 and p = 0.01, respectively). In all muscles, SRM using a single-slice CSA at or near the muscle belly was high.

Conclusion: Thigh muscle changes differ according to the variations in individual muscles. CSA measurements at or near the muscle belly are simple methods and sensitive indicators of these muscle changes.

Keywords: individual muscles; muscle cross-sectional area; non–weight bearing; rehabilitation.