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. 2017 Dec 1;135(12):1417-1423.
doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.5001.

Generational Differences in the 5-Year Incidence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Karen J Cruickshanks  1   2 , David M Nondahl  1 , Lauren J Johnson  2 , Dayna S Dalton  1 , Mary E Fisher  1 , Guan-Hua Huang  2   3 , Barbara E Klein  1 , Ronald Klein  1 , Carla R Schubert  1
Affiliations

Generational Differences in the 5-Year Incidence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Karen J Cruickshanks et al. JAMA Ophthalmol. .

Abstract

Importance: Whether a reported decline in the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration (AMD) continued for people born during the Baby Boom years (1946-1964) or later is unknown. These data are important to plan for ocular health care needs in the 21st century.

Objectives: To determine whether the 5-year risk for AMD declined by generation and to identify factors that contributed to improvement in risk.

Design, setting, and participants: Data came from the longitudinal cohort Beaver Dam Eye Study (March 1, 1988, through September 15, 1990, and March 1, 1993, through June 15, 1995) and the Beaver Dam Offspring Study (June 8, 2005, through August 4, 2008, and July 12, 2010, through March 21, 2013). These population-based studies examined residents of Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, aged 43 to 84 years in 1987 through 1988 and their adult offspring aged 21 to 84 years in 2005 through 2008. A total of 4819 participants were at risk for developing AMD based on fundus images obtained at baseline visits. Data were analyzed from February 18, 2016, through June 22, 2017, with additional analyses ending September 22, 2017.

Main outcomes and measures: Fundus images were graded for AMD using the Wisconsin Age-related Maculopathy Grading System. The incidence of AMD was defined as the presence at the 5-year follow-up examination of pure geographic atrophy or exudative macular degeneration, any type of drusen with pigmentary abnormalities, or soft indistinct drusen without pigmentary abnormalities.

Results: Among the 4819 participants, the mean (SD) baseline age of the cohort was 54 (11) years; 2117 were men (43.9%) and 2702 were women (56.1%). The 5-year age- and sex-adjusted incidence of AMD was 8.8% in the Greatest Generation (born during 1901-1924), 3.0% in the Silent Generation (born during 1925-1945), 1.0% in the Baby Boom Generation (born during 1946-1964), and 0.3% in Generation X (born during 1965-1984). Adjusting for age and sex, each generation was more than 60% less likely to develop AMD than the previous generation (relative risk, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.24-0.46). The generational association (relative risk, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.57) remained significant after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, educational attainment, exercise, levels of non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, statins, and multivitamins.

Conclusions and relevance: The 5-year risk for AMD declined by birth cohorts throughout the 20th century. Factors that explain this decline in risk are not known. However, this pattern is consistent with reported declines in risks for cardiovascular disease and dementia, suggesting that aging Baby Boomers may experience better retinal health at older ages than did previous generations.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Statement: None of the authors reported any potential conflicts of interest involving the work under consideration for publication, or relevant financial activities outside the submitted work or any other relationships or activities that readers could perceive to have influenced, or that give the appearance of potentially influencing what is written in the submitted work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Age-sex-adjusted 5-year Incidence of AMD by Generation
Figure 2
Figure 2
Estimated 5-year Incidence of AMD by Generation and Age
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

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