Renal failure during chemotherapy: renal biopsy for assessing subacute nephrotoxicity of pemetrexed

Abstract

Background: Pemetrexed, a multitargeted antifolate cytotoxic agent, is currently used primarily in combination with cisplatin for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer and for malignant mesothelioma. Acute renal toxicity of pemetrexed has been recently described with polychemotherapy, in which the individual responsibility of each drug is difficult to establish. Only one recent report documents renal involvement in long-term exposed patients.

Case presentation: We report on a case of rapidly progressive nephropathy leading to the cessation of platinum salts and the secondary interruption of pemetrexed and bevacizumab. Acute tubular necrosis shown on the renal biopsy could potentially be due to pemetrexed. Persistent severe renal failure after the resumption of all drugs led to new treatment lines with gemcitabine (while the glomerular filtration rate was below 30 ml/min/1.73m²), then followed by Taxol.

Conclusions: The optimal strategy with regard to renal complications in cancer patients is not clear. Acute or chronic loss in renal function generally leads to a new treatment line, possibly impairing the overall success of the treatment. The use of chemotherapy in patients with a glomerular filtration rate below 30 ml/min/1.73m² is usually associated with an increased risk of side effects when not contraindicated by renal elimination of the drug.

Fig. 1

Timeline of patient’s renal function during chemotherapy

Fig. 2

Kidney biopsy photographs; acute tubular necrosis with tubular cell necrosis and brush border loss. Glomeruli and interstitial compartment are normal. Immunofluorescence staining was negative

Fig. 3

Kidney biopsy photographs; acute tubular necrosis with tubular cell necrosis and brush border loss. Glomeruli and interstitial compartment are normal. Immunofluorescence staining was negative