Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2018 Mar;21(4):756-765.
doi: 10.1017/S136898001700310X. Epub 2017 Nov 20.

Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of the metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis

Yue Tian  1 , Lijun Su  2 , Jiantao Wang  1 , Xiaolin Duan  1 , Xiubo Jiang  1
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of the metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis

Yue Tian et al. Public Health Nutr. 2018 Mar.

Abstract

Objective: Several epidemiological studies have been performed to evaluate the association of fruit and vegetable consumption with risk of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), but the results remain controversial. Thus, we conducted a systematic meta-analysis to assess the associations of fruit or/and vegetable consumption with risk of MetS, separately.

Design: We searched PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science databases up to July 2017 for relevant available articles. Pooled OR with 95 % CI were calculated with the fixed- or random-effects model.

Results: A total of nine studies for fruit consumption, nine studies for vegetable consumption and seven studies for fruit and vegetable consumption were identified as eligible for the present meta-analysis. The pooled OR (95 % CI) of MetS for the highest v. lowest category were 0·87 (0·82, 0·92; I 2=46·7 %) for fruit consumption, 0·85 (0·80, 0·91; I 2=0·0 %) for vegetable consumption and 0·76 (0·62, 0·93; I 2=83·5 %) for fruit and vegetable consumption. In subgroup analyses stratified by continent where the study was conducted, the inverse association of fruit consumption (0·86 (0·77, 0·96)) and vegetable consumption (0·86 (0·80, 0·92)) with risk of MetS remained significant in Asia. There was no evidence of small-study effect.

Conclusions: Our meta-analysis indicates that fruit or/and vegetable consumption may be inversely associated with risk of MetS. It suggests that people should consume more fruits and vegetables to decrease the risk of MetS.

Keywords: Fruits; Meta-analysis; Metabolic syndrome; Vegetables.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow diagram of the literature search for studies included in the present meta-analysis on fruit or/and vegetable consumption and risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Forest plot for the pooled OR of the association of fruit consumption with risk of metabolic syndrome. The study-specific OR and 95 % CI are represented by the black diamond and the horizontal line, respectively; the area of the grey square is positively proportional to the weight assigned to each study, which is inversely proportional to the se of the OR. The centre of the open diamond and the vertical dashed line represent the pooled OR, and the width of the open diamond represents the pooled 95 % CI
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Forest plot for the pooled OR of the association of vegetable consumption with risk of metabolic syndrome. The study-specific OR and 95 % CI are represented by the black diamond and the horizontal line, respectively; the area of the grey square is positively proportional to the weight assigned to each study, which is inversely proportional to the se of the OR. The centre of the open diamond and the vertical dashed line represent the pooled OR, and the width of the open diamond represents the pooled 95 % CI
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Forest plot for the pooled OR of the association of fruit and vegetable consumption with risk of metabolic syndrome. The study-specific OR and 95 % CI are represented by the black diamond and the horizontal line, respectively; the area of the grey square is positively proportional to the weight assigned to each study, which is inversely proportional to the se of the OR. The centre of the open diamond and the vertical dashed line represent the pooled OR, and the width of the open diamond represents the pooled 95 % CI
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Funnel plot, with pseudo 95 % CI represented by dashed lines, for the analysis of fruit consumption with risk of metabolic syndrome. Each dot represents a different study
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Funnel plot, with pseudo 95 % CI represented by dashed lines, for the analysis of vegetable consumption with risk of metabolic syndrome. Each dot represents a different study
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM et al. (2009) Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 120, 1640–1645. - PubMed
    1. Aguilar M, Bhuket T, Torres S et al. (2015) Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the United States, 2003–2012. JAMA 313, 1973–1974. - PubMed
    1. Eckel RH, Grundy SM & Zimmet PZ (2005) The metabolic syndrome. Lancet 365, 1415–1428. - PubMed
    1. Resnick HE, Jones K, Ruotolo G et al. (2003) Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular disease in nondiabetic American Indians: the Strong Heart Study. Diabetes Care 26, 861–867. - PubMed
    1. Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T et al. (2001) Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 24, 683–689. - PubMed

Publication types