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. 2017 Oct 11;3(4):227-238.
doi: 10.1002/vms3.73. eCollection 2017 Nov.

Seroepidemiology and assessment of risk factors for the spread of avian influenza in birds in two Nigerian states

Musa Ibrahim Waziri  1 , Paul A Abdu  1 , Lawal Sa'idu  2 , Mohammed Bello  3
Affiliations

Seroepidemiology and assessment of risk factors for the spread of avian influenza in birds in two Nigerian states

Musa Ibrahim Waziri et al. Vet Med Sci. .

Abstract

Despite modified stamping out eradication policy adopted in Nigeria, there was resurgence in 2015 of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 with greater infectivity. A survey of the risk of spread of HPAI in two HPAI-infected and -uninfected Nigerian states were studied. A cross-sectional study to detect avian influenza (AI) H5 antibodies was conducted using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 950 birds' sera were tested for AI H5 antibodies. Questionnaires were also administered to evaluate risks of AI spread in two states of Nigeria in 2013. AI H5 seroprevalence of 3% and 5% were obtained in Bauchi and Gombe states, respectively. Free flying and captive wild birds had 15% and 11% seroprevalence, respectively. Ninety-two per cent AI awareness and 90% preparedness to report outbreaks of poultry diseases were recorded. Veterinary personnel, radio and television contributed 87% to HPAI awareness. Of the 10 risk categories evaluated, Gombe state had 3 moderate and 1 high risk of AI virus spread. Bauchi state recorded 5 moderate and 1 high risk of AI virus spread. Chi-square analysis showed associations of altitude, temperature, rainfall and presence of live bird markets (LBMs) (P < 0.05) to AI seroprevalence. Odds ratio at 95% CI (1.313-6.333) indicated LBMs presence to be three times more likely to influence AI occurrence. HPAI H5N1 resurged in many states and occurred for the first time in Gombe state in 2015. Veterinary personnel, radio and television may be reliable in changing farmers' attitudes to adopt good biosecurity practices.

Keywords: Nigeria; avian influenza; epidemiology; risk factors; serology.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) Map of Nigeria showing the distribution of avian influenza outbreaks as of 2006/2007, the dots show locations of the study sites in HPAI‐affected (Bauchi) and HPAI‐unaffected (Gombe) states. (b) Positions of Bauch and Gombe states. Source: Avian influenza Media kit 2007.
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