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. 2017 Nov 23;7(1):16131.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16537-5.

Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria Nullify the Antagonistic Effect of Soil Calcification on Bioavailability of Phosphorus in Alkaline Soils

Muhammad Adnan  1   2 , Zahir Shah  2 , Shah Fahad  3 , Muhamamd Arif  4 , Mukhtar Alam  1 , Imtiaz Ali Khan  1 , Ishaq Ahmad Mian  2 , Abdul Basir  1 , Hidayat Ullah  1 , Muhammad Arshad  5 , Inayat-Ur Rahman  1 , Shah Saud  6 , Muhammad Zahid Ihsan  7   8 , Yousaf Jamal  1 , Amanullah  4 , Hafiz Mohkum Hammad  9 , Wajid Nasim  9   10   11
Affiliations

Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria Nullify the Antagonistic Effect of Soil Calcification on Bioavailability of Phosphorus in Alkaline Soils

Muhammad Adnan et al. Sci Rep. .

Erratum in

Abstract

Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) reduce the negative effects of soil calcification on soil phosphorus (P) nutrition. In this incubation study, we explored the ability of PSB (control and inoculated) to release P from different P sources [single super phosphate (SSP), rock phosphate (RP), poultry manure (PM) and farm yard manure (FYM)] with various soil lime contents (4.78, 10, 15 and 20%) in alkaline soil. PSB inoculation progressively enriched Olsen extractable P from all sources compared to the control over the course of 56 days; however, this increase was greater from organic sources (PM and FYM) than from mineral P sources (SSP and RP). Lime addition to the soil decreased bioavailable P, but this effect was largely neutralized by PSB inoculation. PSB were the most viable in soil inoculated with PSB and amended with organic sources, while lime addition decreased PSB survival. Our findings imply that PSB inoculation can counteract the antagonistic effect of soil calcification on bioavailable P when it is applied using both mineral and organic sources, although organic sources support this process more efficiently than do mineral P sources. Therefore, PSB inoculation combined with organic manure application is one of the best options for improving soil P nutrition.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Interactive effect of lime and P sources on soil Olsen extractable P (mg kg−1) at day zero. Bars with the different letters are significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) according to LSD test. Error bars indicate stander error (n = 3). SSP, RP, PM and FYM indicate single super phosphate, rock phosphate, poultry manure and farm yard manure respectively.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Interactive effect of lime and P sources on soil Olsen extractable P (mg kg−1) at day 14. Bars with the different letters are significantly different (P ≤ 0.001) according to LSD test. Error bars indicate stander error (n = 3). SSP, RP, PM and FYM indicate single super phosphate, rock phosphate, poultry manure and farm yard manure respectively.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Interactive effect of lime and P sources on soil Olsen extractable P (mg kg−1) at day 28. Bars with the different letters are significantly different (P ≤ 0.001) according to LSD test. Error bars indicate stander error (n = 3). SSP, RP, PM and FYM indicate single super phosphate, rock phosphate, poultry manure and farm yard manure respectively.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Interactive effect of lime and P sources on soil Olsen extractable P (mg kg−1) at day 56. Bars with the different letters are significantly different (P ≤ 0.001) according to LSD test. Error bars indicate stander error (n = 3). SSP, RP, PM and FYM indicate single super phosphate, rock phosphate, poultry manure and farm yard manure respectively.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Interactive effect of lime and inoculation on soil Olsen extractable P (mg kg−1) at day 7. Bars with the different letters are significantly different (P ≤ 0.01) according to LSD test. Error bars indicate stander error (n = 3).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Interactive effect of lime and inoculation on soil Olsen extractable P (mg kg−1) in at day 14. Bars with the different letters are significantly different (P ≤ 0.01) according to LSD test. Error bars indicate stander error (n = 3).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Interactive effect of lime and PSB on soil Olsen extractable P (mg kg−1) at day 28. Bars with the different letters are significantly different (P ≤ 0.001) according to LSD test. Error bars indicate stander error (n = 3).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Interactive effect of PSB and lime on soil Olsen extractable P (mg kg−1) at day 56. Bars with the different letters are significantly different (P ≤ 0.001) according to LSD test. Error bars indicate stander error (n = 3).
Figure 9
Figure 9
Interactive effect of PSB and P sources on soil Olsen extractable P (mg kg−1) at day 28. Bars with the different letters are significantly different (P ≤ 0.001) according to LSD test. Error bars indicate stander error (n = 3). SSP, RP, PM and FYM indicate single super phosphate, rock phosphate, poultry manure and farm yard manure respectively.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Interactive effect of P sources and PSB on soil Olsen extractable P (mg kg−1) in soil at day 56. Bars with the different letters are significantly different (P ≤ 0.001) according to LSD test. Error bars indicate stander error (n = 3).
Figure 11
Figure 11
Interactive effect of P sources and lime on PSB population (105 CFU g−1 dry soil) in soil at day 56. Lines with the different letters are significantly different (P ≤ 0.001) according to LSD test. Error bars indicate stander error (n = 3).
Figure 12
Figure 12
Interactive effect of PSB and P sources on PSB population (105 CFU g−1 dry soil) in soil at day 56. Lines with the different letters are significantly different (P ≤ 0.001) according to LSD test. Error bars indicate stander error (n = 3).
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