Lithium increases ammonium excretion leading to altered urinary acid-base buffer composition

Abstract

Previous reports identify a voltage dependent distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) secondary to lithium (Li⁺) salt administration. This was based on the inability of Li⁺-treated patients to increase the urine-blood (U-B) pCO₂ when challenged with NaHCO₃ and, the ability of sodium neutral phosphate or Na₂SO₄ administration to restore U-B pCO₂ in experimental animal models. The underlying mechanisms for the Li⁺-induced dRTA are still unknown. To address this point, a 7 days time course of the urinary acid-base parameters was investigated in rats challenged with LiCl, LiCitrate, NaCl, or NaCitrate. LiCl induced the largest polyuria and a mild metabolic acidosis. Li⁺-treatment induced a biphasic response. In the first 2 days, proper urine volume and acidification occurred, while from the 3rd day of treatment, polyuria developed progressively. In this latter phase, the LiCl-treated group progressively excreted more NH₄⁺ and less pCO₂, suggesting that NH₃/NH₄⁺ became the main urinary buffer. This physiological parameter was corroborated by the upregulation of NBCn1 (a marker of increased ammonium recycling) in the inner stripe of outer medulla of LiCl treated rats. Finally, by investigating NH₄⁺ excretion in ENaC-cKO mice, a model resistant to Li⁺-induced polyuria, a primary role of the CD was confirmed. By definition, dRTA is characterized by deficient urinary ammonium excretion. Our data question the presence of a voltage-dependent Li⁺-induced dRTA in rats treated with LiCl for 7 days and the data suggest that the alkaline urine pH induced by NH₃/NH₄⁺ as the main buffer has lead to the interpretation dRTA in previous studies.

Keywords: Acid-base homeostasis; Ammonium; Collecting duct; Distal renal tubular acidosis; Lithium.