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Meta-Analysis
. 2017 Nov 29;11(11):CD011677.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011677.pub2.

Strategies for enhancing the implementation of school-based policies or practices targeting risk factors for chronic disease

Luke Wolfenden  1 , Nicole K Nathan, Rachel Sutherland, Sze Lin Yoong, Rebecca K Hodder, Rebecca J Wyse, Tessa Delaney, Alice Grady, Alison Fielding, Flora Tzelepis, Tara Clinton-McHarg, Benjamin Parmenter, Peter Butler, John Wiggers, Adrian Bauman, Andrew Milat, Debbie Booth, Christopher M Williams
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Strategies for enhancing the implementation of school-based policies or practices targeting risk factors for chronic disease

Luke Wolfenden et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Update in

Abstract

Background: A number of school-based policies or practices have been found to be effective in improving child diet and physical activity, and preventing excessive weight gain, tobacco or harmful alcohol use. Schools, however, frequently fail to implement such evidence-based interventions.

Objectives: The primary aims of the review are to examine the effectiveness of strategies aiming to improve the implementation of school-based policies, programs or practices to address child diet, physical activity, obesity, tobacco or alcohol use.Secondary objectives of the review are to: Examine the effectiveness of implementation strategies on health behaviour (e.g. fruit and vegetable consumption) and anthropometric outcomes (e.g. BMI, weight); describe the impact of such strategies on the knowledge, skills or attitudes of school staff involved in implementing health-promoting policies, programs or practices; describe the cost or cost-effectiveness of such strategies; and describe any unintended adverse effects of strategies on schools, school staff or children.

Search methods: All electronic databases were searched on 16 July 2017 for studies published up to 31 August 2016. We searched the following electronic databases: Cochrane Library including the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); MEDLINE; MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations; Embase Classic and Embase; PsycINFO; Education Resource Information Center (ERIC); Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL); Dissertations and Theses; and SCOPUS. We screened reference lists of all included trials for citations of other potentially relevant trials. We handsearched all publications between 2011 and 2016 in two specialty journals (Implementation Science and Journal of Translational Behavioral Medicine) and conducted searches of the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/) as well as the US National Institutes of Health registry (https://clinicaltrials.gov). We consulted with experts in the field to identify other relevant research.

Selection criteria: 'Implementation' was defined as the use of strategies to adopt and integrate evidence-based health interventions and to change practice patterns within specific settings. We included any trial (randomised or non-randomised) conducted at any scale, with a parallel control group that compared a strategy to implement policies or practices to address diet, physical activity, overweight or obesity, tobacco or alcohol use by school staff to 'no intervention', 'usual' practice or a different implementation strategy.

Data collection and analysis: Citation screening, data extraction and assessment of risk of bias was performed by review authors in pairs. Disagreements between review authors were resolved via consensus, or if required, by a third author. Considerable trial heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis. We narratively synthesised trial findings by describing the effect size of the primary outcome measure for policy or practice implementation (or the median of such measures where a single primary outcome was not stated).

Main results: We included 27 trials, 18 of which were conducted in the USA. Nineteen studies employed randomised controlled trial (RCT) designs. Fifteen trials tested strategies to implement healthy eating policies, practice or programs; six trials tested strategies targeting physical activity policies or practices; and three trials targeted tobacco policies or practices. Three trials targeted a combination of risk factors. None of the included trials sought to increase the implementation of interventions to delay initiation or reduce the consumption of alcohol. All trials examined multi-strategic implementation strategies and no two trials examined the same combinations of implementation strategies. The most common implementation strategies included educational materials, educational outreach and educational meetings. For all outcomes, the overall quality of evidence was very low and the risk of bias was high for the majority of trials for detection and performance bias.Among 13 trials reporting dichotomous implementation outcomes-the proportion of schools or school staff (e.g. classes) implementing a targeted policy or practice-the median unadjusted (improvement) effect sizes ranged from 8.5% to 66.6%. Of seven trials reporting the percentage of a practice, program or policy that had been implemented, the median unadjusted effect (improvement), relative to the control ranged from -8% to 43%. The effect, relative to control, reported in two trials assessing the impact of implementation strategies on the time per week teachers spent delivering targeted policies or practices ranged from 26.6 to 54.9 minutes per week. Among trials reporting other continuous implementation outcomes, findings were mixed. Four trials were conducted of strategies that sought to achieve implementation 'at scale', that is, across samples of at least 50 schools, of which improvements in implementation were reported in three trials.The impact of interventions on student health behaviour or weight status were mixed. Three of the eight trials with physical activity outcomes reported no significant improvements. Two trials reported reductions in tobacco use among intervention relative to control. Seven of nine trials reported no between-group differences on student overweight, obesity or adiposity. Positive improvements in child dietary intake were generally reported among trials reporting these outcomes. Three trials assessed the impact of implementation strategies on the attitudes of school staff and found mixed effects. Two trials specified in the study methods an assessment of potential unintended adverse effects, of which, they reported none. One trial reported implementation support did not significantly increase school revenue or expenses and another, conducted a formal economic evaluation, reporting the intervention to be cost-effective. Trial heterogeneity, and the lack of consistent terminology describing implementation strategies, were important limitations of the review.

Authors' conclusions: Given the very low quality of the available evidence, it is uncertain whether the strategies tested improve implementation of the targeted school-based policies or practices, student health behaviours, or the knowledge or attitudes of school staff. It is also uncertain if strategies to improve implementation are cost-effective or if they result in unintended adverse consequences. Further research is required to guide efforts to facilitate the translation of evidence into practice in this setting.

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Conflict of interest statement

Some members of the review team are currently undertaking a series of randomised trials aiming to facilitate the implementation of healthy eating and physical activity policies and practices by schools. Authors LW, NN, RS, SLY, RH, RW, TD, PB, JW, AM, CMW are authors on one or more of the five trials conducted in Australia (Nathan 2012; Nathan 2016; Sutherland 2017; Wolfenden 2017; Yoong 2016). For such trials, data were extracted by review authors who were not directly involved in these studies. The authors have not received any benefit, in cash or kind, any hospitality, or any subsidy derived from any source perceived to have an interest in the outcome of the review. All authors have contributed to the development of evaluation of trials examining the impact of implementation strategies in community settings, including those conducted in schools. All authors declare no other potential conflicts of interest.

Figures

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1
Study flow diagram.
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Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
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Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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References

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    1. Belansky ES, Cutforth N, Chavez R, Crane LA, Waters E, Marshall JA. Adapted intervention mapping: a strategic planning process for increasing physical activity and healthy eating opportunities in schools via environment and policy change. Journal of School Health 2013;83(3):194‐205. - PubMed
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Bourdeaudhuij 2015 {published data only}
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Bourdeaudhuij 2015a {published data only}
    1. Bourdeaudhuij I, Verbestel V, Henauw S, Maes L, Marild S, Moreno LA, et al. Implementation of the IDEFICS intervention across European countries: Perceptions of parents and relationship with BMI. Obesity Reviews 2015;16:78‐88. - PubMed
Boyle‐Holmes 2010 {published data only}
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Bukhari 2011 {published data only}
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Burghardt 1993 {published data only}
    1. Burghardt J, Gordon A, Chapman N, Gleason P, Fraker T. The School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study: School food service, meals offered, and dietary intakes. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc; 1993.
Burghardt 1995 {published data only}
    1. Burghardt JA, Gordon AR, Fraker TM. Meals offered in the National School Lunch Program and the School Breakfast Program. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995;61(1):187‐98. - PubMed
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    1. Burke V, Milligan R, Thompson C, Taggart A, Dunbar D, Spencer M, et al. A controlled trial of health promotion programs in 11‐year‐olds using physical activity “enrichment” for higher risk children. Journal of Pediatrics 1998;132(5):840‐8. - PubMed
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    1. Caballero B, Davis S, Davis CE, Ethelbah B, Evans M, Lohman T, et al. Pathways: A school‐based program for the primary prevention of obesity in American Indian children. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 1998;9(9):535‐43. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Campbell R, Rawlins E, Wells S, Kipping RR, Chittleborough CR, Peters TJ, et al. Intervention fidelity in a school‐based diet and physical activity intervention in the UK: Active for Life Year 5. International journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2015;12:141. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Cass Y, Price P. Moorefit‐increasing physical activity in adolescent girls using the Health Promoting Schools framework. Health Promotion Journal of Australia 2003;14(3):159‐64.
Chatzisarantis 2015 {published data only}
    1. Chatzisarantis NL, Kamarova S, Kawabata M, Wang J, Hagger MS. Developing and evaluating utility of school‐based intervention programs in promoting leisure‐time physical activity: An application of the theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Sport Psychology 2015;46(2):95‐116.
Christian 2012 {published data only}
    1. Christian MS, Evans CEL, Ransley JK, Greenwood DC, Thomas JD, Cade JE. Process evaluation of a cluster randomised controlled trial of a school‐based fruit and vegetable intervention: Project Tomato. Public Health Nutrition 2012;15(3):459‐65. - PubMed
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    1. Coleman KJ, Shordon M, Caparosa SL, Pomichowski ME, Dzewaltowski DA. The healthy options for nutrition environments in schools (Healthy ONES) group randomized trial: using implementation models to change nutrition policy and environments in low income schools. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition & Physical Activity 2012;9:80. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Condit J, Caballero M, Papanek P. A pilot study to analyze a multisport/triathlon program as a mechanism to promote self‐determined exercise among an overweight inner‐city middle school Latino population. International Journal of Child and Adolescent Health 2015;8(4):497‐509.
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    1. Costigan SA, Eather N, Plotnikoff RC, Taaffe DR, Pollock E, Kennedy SG, et al. Preliminary efficacy and feasibility of embedding high intensity interval training into the school day: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine Reports 2015;2:973‐9. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Costa FF, Altenburg de Assis MA, González‐Chica D, Bernardo C, Gomes de Barros MV, Vinicius Nahas M. Effect of school‐based intervention on diet in high school students. Brazilian Journal of Kineanthropometry & Human Performance 2014;16:37‐45.
Davis 1999 {published data only}
    1. Davis SM, Going SB, Helitzer DL, Teufel NI, Snyder P, Gittelsohn J, et al. Pathways: a culturally appropriate obesity‐prevention program for American Indian schoolchildren. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999;69(4 Suppl):796‐802. - PMC - PubMed
Davis 2016 {published data only}
    1. Davis JN, Martinez LC, Spruijt‐Metz D, Gatto NM. LA Sprouts: A 12‐week gardening, nutrition, and cooking randomized control trial improves determinants of dietary behaviors. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2016;48(1):2‐11. - PMC - PubMed
Day 2008 {published data only}
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de Barros 2009 {published data only}
    1. Barros MV, Nahas MV, Hallal PC, Farias Júnior JC, Florindo AA, Barros SS. Effectiveness of a school‐based intervention on physical activity for high school students in Brazil: the Saude na Boa project. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2009;6(2):163‐9. - PubMed
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    1. Greeff JW, Hartman E, Mullender‐Wijnsma MJ, Bosker RJ, Doolaard S, Visscher C. Long‐term effects of physically active academic lessons on physical fitness and executive functions in primary school children. Health Education Research 2016;31(2):185‐94. - PubMed
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    1. DeVault N, Kennedy T, Hermann J, Mwavita M, Rask P, Jaworsky A. It's all about kids: Preventing overweight in elementary school children in Tulsa, OK. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2009;109(4):680‐7. - PubMed
Dewar 2013 {published data only}
    1. Dewar DL, Morgan PJ, Plotnikoff RC, Okely AD, Collins CE, Batterham M, et al. The nutrition and enjoyable activity for teen girls study: a cluster randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2013;45(3):313‐7. - PubMed
Dishman 2005 {published data only}
    1. Dishman RK, Motl RW, Saunders R, Felton G, Ward DS, Dowda M, et al. Enjoyment mediates effects of a school‐based physical‐activity intervention. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2005;37(3):478‐87. - PubMed
Domel 1993 {published data only}
    1. Domel SB, Baranowski T, Davis H, Thompson WO, Leonard SB, Riley P, et al. Development and evaluation of a school intervention to increase fruit and vegetable consumption among 4th and 5th grade students. Journal of Nutrition Education 1993;25(6):345‐9.
Donnelly 1996 {published data only}
    1. Donnelly JE, Jacobsen DJ, Whatley JE, Hill JO, Swift LL, Cherrington A, et al. Nutrition and physical activity program to attenuate obesity and promote physical and metabolic fitness in elementary school children. Obesity Research 1996;4(3):229‐43. - PubMed
Drapeau 2016 {published data only}
    1. Drapeau V, Savard M, Gallant A, Nadeau L, Gagnon J. The effectiveness of a school‐based nutrition intervention on children's fruit, vegetables, and dairy product intake. Journal of School Health 2016;86(5):353‐62. - PubMed
Dreyhaupt 2012 {published data only}
    1. Dreyhaupt J, Koch B, Wirt T, Schreiber A, Brandstetter S, Kesztyus D, et al. Evaluation of a health promotion program in children: Study protocol and design of the cluster‐randomized Baden‐Wurttemberg primary school study. BMC Public Health 2012;12:157. - PMC - PubMed
Dunn 2012 {published data only}
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    1. Dunton GF, Liao Y, Grana R, Lagloire R, Riggs N, Chou C‐P, et al. State‐wide dissemination of a school‐based nutrition education programme: a RE‐AIM (Reach, Efficacy, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) analysis. Public Health Nutrition 2014;17(2):422‐30. - PMC - PubMed
Dwyer 1983 {published data only}
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Dwyer 1996 {published data only}
    1. Dwyer JT, Hewes LV, Mitchell PD, Nicklas TA, Montgomery DH, Lytle LA, et al. Improving school breakfasts: effects of the CATCH Eat Smart Program on the nutrient content of school breakfasts. Preventive Medicine 1996;25(4):413‐22. - PubMed
Dzewaltowski 2002 {published data only}
    1. Dzewaltowski DA, Estabrooks PA, Johnston JA. Healthy youth places promoting nutrition and physical activity. Health Education Research 2002;17(5):541‐51. - PubMed
Dzewaltowski 2009 {published data only}
    1. Dzewaltowski DA, Estabrooks PA, Welk G, Hill J, Milliken G, Karteroliotis K, et al. Healthy youth places: A randomized controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of facilitating adult and youth leaders to promote physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption in middle schools. Health Education & Behavior 2009;36(3):583‐600. - PMC - PubMed
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Edmundson 1996 {published data only}
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Edmundson 1996a {published data only}
    1. Edmundson E, Parcel GS, Perry CL, Feldman HA, Smyth M, Johnson CC, et al. The effects of the child and adolescent trial for cardiovascular health intervention on psychosocial determinants of cardiovascular disease risk behavior among third‐grade students. American Journal of Health Promotion 1996;10(3):217‐25. - PubMed
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    1. Eisenmann JC, Gentile DA, Welk GJ, Callahan R, Strickland S, Walsh M, et al. SWITCH: Rationale, design, and implementation of a community, school, and family‐based intervention to modify behaviors related to childhood obesity. BMC Public Health 2008;8:223. - PMC - PubMed
Elder 1996 {published data only}
    1. Elder JP, Perry CL, Stone EJ, Johnson CC, Yang M, Edmundson EW, et al. Tobacco use measurement, prediction, and intervention in elementary schools in four states: the CATCH Study. Preventive Medicine 1996;25(4):486‐94. - PubMed
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    1. Elinder LS, Heinemans N, Hagberg J, Quetel A‐K, Hagstromer M. A participatory and capacity‐building approach to healthy eating and physical activity‐ SCIP‐school: A 2‐year controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition & Physical Activity 2012;9:145. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Ellison RC, Capper AL, Goldberg RJ, Witschi JC, Stare FJ. The environmental component: changing school food service to promote cardiovascular health encouraging the installation of rollover protective structures in New York State: the design of a social marketing intervention. Health Education Quarterly 1989;16:285‐97. - PubMed
Eriksen 2003 {published data only}
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Ermetici 2016 {published data only}
    1. Ermetici F, Zelaschi RF, Briganti S, Dozio E, Gaeta M, Ambrogi F, et al. Association between a school‐based intervention and adiposity outcomes in adolescents: The Italian "EAT" project. Obesity 2016;24(3):687‐95. - PubMed
Fardy 1996 {published data only}
    1. Fardy PS, White RE, Haltiwanger‐Schmitz K, Magel JR, McDermott KJ, Clark LT, et al. Coronary disease risk factor reduction and behavior modification in minority adolescents: The PATH program. Journal of Adolescent Health 1996;18(4):247‐53. - PubMed
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    1. Farias Edos S, Gonçalves EM, Morcillo AM, Guerra‐Júnior G, Amancio OM. Effects of programmed physical activity on body composition in post‐pubertal schoolchildren. Jornal de Pediatria 2015;91(2):122‐9. - PubMed
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    1. Farris AR, Misyak S, Duffey KJ, Davis GC, Hosig K, Atzaba‐Poria N, et al. Nutritional comparison of packed and school lunches in pre‐kindergarten and kindergarten children following the implementation of the 2012–2013 National School Lunch Program Standards. Journal of Nutrition Education & Behavior 2014;46(6):621‐6. - PubMed
Flay 1989 {published data only}
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Fulkerson 2004 {published data only}
    1. Fulkerson JA, French SA, Story M, Nelson H, Hannan PJ. Promotions to increase lower‐fat food choices among students in secondary schools: Description and outcomes of TACOS (Trying Alternative Cafeteria Options in Schools). Public Health Nutrition 2004;7(5):665‐74. - PubMed
Gatto 2015 {published data only}
    1. Gatto NM, Martinez LC, Spruijt‐Metz D, Davis JN. LA sprouts randomized controlled nutrition and gardening program reduces obesity and metabolic risk in latino youth. Obesity 2015;23(6):1244‐51. - PMC - PubMed
Glover 2010 {published data only}
    1. Glover M, Scragg R, Nosa V, Bullen C, McCool J, Kira A. Keeping kids smokefree: Rationale, design, and implementation of a community, school, and family‐based intervention to modify behaviors related to smoking among Maori and Pacific Island children in New Zealand. International Quarterly of Community Health Education 2010;30(3):205‐22. - PubMed
Going 2003 {published data only}
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Gonzalvez 2015 {published data only}
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Gordon 1995 {published data only}
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Gortmaker 1999 {published data only}
    1. Gortmaker SL, Cheung LW, Peterson KE, Chomitz G, Cradle JH, Dart H, et al. Impact of a school‐based interdisciplinary intervention on diet and physical activity among urban primary school children: Eat well and keep moving. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 1999;153(9):975‐83. - PubMed
Gortmaker 1999a {published data only}
    1. Gortmaker SL, Peterson K, Wiecha J, Sobol AM, Dixit S, Fox MK, et al. Reducing obesity via a school‐based interdisciplinary intervention among youth: Planet Health. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 1999;153(4):409‐18. - PubMed
Graham 2008 {published data only}
    1. Graham D, Appleton S, Rush E, McLennan S, Reed P, Simmons D. Increasing activity and improving nutrition through a schools‐based programme: Project Energize. 1. Design, programme, randomisation and evaluation methodology. Public Health Nutrition 2008;11(10):1076‐84. - PubMed
Grasten 2015 {published data only}
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Griffin 2015 {published data only}
    1. Griffin TL, Jackson DM, McNeill G, Aucott LS, Macdiarmid JI. A brief educational intervention increases knowledge of the sugar content of foods and drinks but does not decrease intakes in Scottish children aged 10‐12 Years. Journal of Nutrition Education & Behavior 2015;47(4):367‐73. - PubMed
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    1. Habib‐Mourad C. An intervention to promote healthy eating and physical activity in Lebanese school children: Health‐E‐PALS a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial [Doctor of Philosophy]. United Kingdom: Durham University, 2013. Ann Arbor: University of Durham.
Habib‐Mourad 2014 {published data only}
    1. Habib‐Mourad C, Ghandour LA, Moore HJ, Nabhani‐Zeidan M, Adetayo K, Hwalla N, et al. Promoting healthy eating and physical activity among school children: findings from Health‐E‐PALS, the first pilot intervention from Lebanon. BMC Public Health 2014;14:940. - PMC - PubMed
Haerens 2007 {published data only}
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Harrell 1996 {published data only}
    1. Harrell JS, McMurray RG, Bangdiwala SI, Frauman AC, Gansky SA, Bradley CB. Effects of a school‐based intervention to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors in elementary‐school children: the Cardiovascular Health in Children (CHIC) study. Journal of Pediatrics 1996;128(6):797‐805. - PubMed
Hartstein 2011 {published data only}
    1. Hartstein J, Cullen KW, Virus A, Ghormli L, Volpe SL, Staten MA, et al. Impact of the HEALTHY study on vending machine offerings in middle schools. Journal of Child Nutrition & Management 2011;35(2):pii: 16353. - PMC - PubMed
Harvey‐Berino 1998 {published data only}
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Havas 1995 {published data only}
    1. Havas S, Heimendinger J, Damron D, Nicklas TA, Cowan A, Beresford SA, et al. 5 a day for better health—nine community research projects to increase fruit and vegetable consumption. Public Health Reports 1995;110(1):68‐79. - PMC - PubMed
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Heath 2003 {published data only}
    1. Heath EM, Coleman KJ. Adoption and institutionalization of the child and adolescent trial for cardiovascular health (CATCH) in El Paso, Texas. Health Promotion Practice 2003;4(2):157‐64. - PubMed
Henauw 2015 {published data only}
    1. Henauw S, Huybrechts I, Bourdeaudhuij I, Bammann K, Barba G, Lissner L, et al. Effects of a community‐oriented obesity prevention programme on indicators of body fatness in preschool and primary school children. Main results from the IDEFICS study. Obesity Reviews 2015;16:16‐29. - PubMed
Hodder 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hodder RK, Freund M, Bowman J, Wolfenden L, Campbell E, Wye P, et al. A cluster randomised trial of a school‐based resilience intervention to decrease tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use in secondary school students: study protocol. BMC Public Health 2012;12:1009. - PMC - PubMed
Hoelscher 2001 {published data only}
    1. Hoelscher DM, Kelder SH, Murray N, Cribb PW, Conroy J, Parcel GS. Dissemination and adoption of the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH): a case study in Texas. Journal of Public Health Management & Practice 2001;7(2):90‐100. - PubMed
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    1. Hoelscher DM, Feldman HA, Johnson CC, Lytle LA, Osganian SK, Parcel GS, et al. School‐based health education programs can be maintained over time: results from the CATCH Institutionalization study. Preventive Medicine Reports 2004;38(5):594‐606. - PubMed
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    1. Hoelscher D, Ory M, Dowdy D, Miao J, Atteberry H, Nichols D, et al. Effects of funding allocation for Safe Routes to School programs on active commuting to school and related behavioral, knowledge, and psychosocial outcomes: Results from the Texas Childhood Obesity Prevention Policy Evaluation (T‐COPPE) study. Environment and Behavior 2016;48(1):210‐29.
Hyndman 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hyndman BP, Benson AC, Ullah S, Telford A. Evaluating the effects of the Lunchtime Enjoyment Activity and Play (LEAP) school playground intervention on children's quality of life, enjoyment and participation in physical activity. BMC Public Health 2014;14(1):164. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Isensee B, Hansen J, Maruska K, Hanewinkel R. Effects of a school‐based prevention programme on smoking in early adolescence: A 6‐month follow‐up of the 'Eigenstandig werden' cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open 2014;4(1):e004422. - PMC - PubMed
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Jago 2015 {published data only}
    1. Jago R, Sebire SJ, Davies B, Wood L, Banfield K, Edwards MJ, et al. Increasing children's physical activity through a teaching‐assistant led extracurricular intervention: Process evaluation of the action 3:30 randomised feasibility trial. BMC Public Health 2015;15:156. - PMC - PubMed
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Janssen 2015 {published data only}
    1. Janssen M, Twisk JW, Toussaint HM, Mechelen W, Verhagen EA. Effectiveness of the PLAYgrounds programme on PA levels during recess in 6‐year‐old to 12‐year‐old children. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2015;49(4):259‐64. - PubMed
Jarani 2016 {published data only}
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References to ongoing studies

Lonsdale 2016 {published data only}
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