. 2017 Nov 28;21(9):2597-2613.

doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.028.

Large-Scale Cognitive GWAS Meta-Analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific Neural Expression and Potential Nootropic Drug Targets

Max Lam¹, Joey W Trampush², Jin Yu³, Emma Knowles⁴, Gail Davies⁵, David C Liewald⁶, John M Starr⁷, Srdjan Djurovic⁸, Ingrid Melle⁹, Kjetil Sundet¹⁰, Andrea Christoforou¹¹, Ivar Reinvang¹², Pamela DeRosse³, Astri J Lundervold¹³, Vidar M Steen¹⁴, Thomas Espeseth¹⁰, Katri Räikkönen¹⁵, Elisabeth Widen¹⁶, Aarno Palotie¹⁷, Johan G Eriksson¹⁸, Ina Giegling¹⁹, Bettina Konte¹⁹, Panos Roussos²⁰, Stella Giakoumaki²¹, Katherine E Burdick²², Antony Payton²³, William Ollier²⁴, Ornit Chiba-Falek²⁵, Deborah K Attix²⁶, Anna C Need²⁷, Elizabeth T Cirulli²⁸, Aristotle N Voineskos²⁹, Nikos C Stefanis³⁰, Dimitrios Avramopoulos³¹, Alex Hatzimanolis³⁰, Dan E Arking³², Nikolaos Smyrnis³³, Robert M Bilder³⁴, Nelson A Freimer³⁴, Tyrone D Cannon³⁵, Edythe London³⁴, Russell A Poldrack³⁶, Fred W Sabb³⁷, Eliza Congdon³⁴, Emily Drabant Conley³⁸, Matthew A Scult³⁹, Dwight Dickinson⁴⁰, Richard E Straub⁴¹, Gary Donohoe⁴², Derek Morris⁴², Aiden Corvin⁴³, Michael Gill⁴³, Ahmad R Hariri³⁹, Daniel R Weinberger⁴¹, Neil Pendleton⁴⁴, Panos Bitsios⁴⁵, Dan Rujescu¹⁹, Jari Lahti⁴⁶, Stephanie Le Hellard¹⁴, Matthew C Keller⁴⁷, Ole A Andreassen⁴⁸, Ian J Deary⁵, David C Glahn⁴, Anil K Malhotra⁴⁹, Todd Lencz⁵⁰

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.
² BrainWorkup, LLC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
³ Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA.
⁴ Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
⁵ Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
⁶ Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
⁷ Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
⁸ Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Bergen, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
⁹ NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
¹⁰ Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹¹ Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
¹² Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹³ Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
¹⁴ NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
¹⁵ Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁶ Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁷ Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁸ Department of General Practice, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
²⁰ Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
²¹ Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.
²² Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
²³ Centre for Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
²⁴ Centre for Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
²⁵ Department of Neurology, Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
²⁶ Department of Neurology, Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Medical Psychology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
²⁷ Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.
²⁸ Human Longevity Inc., Durham, NC, USA.
²⁹ Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
³⁰ Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece; Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor-Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, Greece.
³¹ Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
³² McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
³³ Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece.
³⁴ UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
³⁵ Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
³⁶ Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
³⁷ Robert and Beverly Lewis Center for Neuroimaging, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
³⁸ 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA.
³⁹ Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
⁴⁰ Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
⁴¹ Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁴² Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG) Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
⁴³ Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
⁴⁴ Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
⁴⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
⁴⁶ Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
⁴⁷ Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
⁴⁸ NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁴⁹ Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
⁵⁰ Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA. Electronic address: tlencz@northwell.edu.

PMID: 29186694
PMCID: PMC5789458
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.028

Large-Scale Cognitive GWAS Meta-Analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific Neural Expression and Potential Nootropic Drug Targets

Max Lam et al. Cell Rep. 2017.

. 2017 Nov 28;21(9):2597-2613.

doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.028.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.
² BrainWorkup, LLC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
³ Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA.
⁴ Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
⁵ Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
⁶ Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
⁷ Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
⁸ Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Bergen, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
⁹ NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
¹⁰ Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹¹ Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
¹² Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹³ Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
¹⁴ NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
¹⁵ Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁶ Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁷ Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁸ Department of General Practice, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
²⁰ Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
²¹ Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.
²² Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
²³ Centre for Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
²⁴ Centre for Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
²⁵ Department of Neurology, Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
²⁶ Department of Neurology, Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Medical Psychology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
²⁷ Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.
²⁸ Human Longevity Inc., Durham, NC, USA.
²⁹ Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
³⁰ Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece; Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor-Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, Greece.
³¹ Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
³² McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
³³ Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece.
³⁴ UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
³⁵ Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
³⁶ Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
³⁷ Robert and Beverly Lewis Center for Neuroimaging, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
³⁸ 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA.
³⁹ Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
⁴⁰ Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
⁴¹ Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁴² Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG) Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
⁴³ Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
⁴⁴ Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
⁴⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
⁴⁶ Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
⁴⁷ Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
⁴⁸ NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁴⁹ Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
⁵⁰ Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA. Electronic address: tlencz@northwell.edu.

PMID: 29186694
PMCID: PMC5789458
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.028

Abstract

Here, we present a large (n = 107,207) genome-wide association study (GWAS) of general cognitive ability ("g"), further enhanced by combining results with a large-scale GWAS of educational attainment. We identified 70 independent genomic loci associated with general cognitive ability. Results showed significant enrichment for genes causing Mendelian disorders with an intellectual disability phenotype. Competitive pathway analysis implicated the biological processes of neurogenesis and synaptic regulation, as well as the gene targets of two pharmacologic agents: cinnarizine, a T-type calcium channel blocker, and LY97241, a potassium channel inhibitor. Transcriptome-wide and epigenome-wide analysis revealed that the implicated loci were enriched for genes expressed across all brain regions (most strongly in the cerebellum). Enrichment was exclusive to genes expressed in neurons but not oligodendrocytes or astrocytes. Finally, we report genetic correlations between cognitive ability and disparate phenotypes including psychiatric disorders, several autoimmune disorders, longevity, and maternal age at first birth.

Keywords: GWAS; calcium channel; cerebellum; gene expression; general cognitive ability; neurodevelopment; nootropics; potassium channel; synapse.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
a) Manhattan plot depicting results of GWAS meta-analysis of cognitive performance. Dotted red line indicates threshold for genome-wide significance (P<5E-08). b) Manhattan plot depicting results of MTAG of cognitive performance with educational attainment. Dotted red line indicates threshold for genome-wide significance (P<5E-08).

**Figure 2**
Venn diagram depicting overlap and independence of genome-wide significant SNP loci observed in three studies: the MTAG analysis of the present report; the cognitive performance GWAS reported by Sniekers et al. (2017); and the educational attainment GWAS of Okbay et al. (2016).

**Figure 3**
a) Polygenic risk score prediction for MTAG results against held-out ASPIS cohort. b) Comparison of MTAG, cognitive (IQ) GWAS (Sniekers et al. 2017), and educational attainment (EDU) GWAS (Okbay et al. 2016) as source of weights for polygenic risk score prediction against held-out ASPIS cohort. c) Polygenic risk score prediction for MTAG results against held-out GCAP cohort. d) Comparison of MTAG, cognitive (IQ) GWAS (Sniekers et al. 2017), and educational attainment (EDU) GWAS (Okbay et al. 2016) as source of weights for polygenic risk score prediction against held-out GCAP cohort.

**Figure 4**
a) Tissue expression profile analysis for genome-wide significant genes (as defined by MAGMA) emerging from the MTAG analysis. Gene results were significantly enriched for expression in nearly all central nervous system tissues (except for substantia nigra and spinal cord), but no tissues outside the CNS. b) Circular Manhattan Plot for MetaXcan results based on MTAG of cognitive performance with educational attainment. From inner circle out, GTEX tissue order is as follows: ACC: Anterior Cingulate Cortex; CDBG: Caudate – Basal Ganglia; CRBHM: Cerebellar Hemisphere; CRBLM: Cerebellum; CRTX: Cortex; FCTX: Frontal Cortex; HIPP: Hippocampus; HYPO: Hypothalamus; NACMB: Nucleus Accumbens; PUTM: Putamen. GWAS threshold is set at Bonferroni-corrected P < 0.05.

**Figure 5**
Genetic correlations (r_g) between cognitive phenotypes and other publicly available GWAS results, based on LD score regression. The first and second columns (labelled METAL and MTAG, respectively) refer to results of the cognitive meta-analyses in the present report. The third column displays correlations for the educational attainment GWAS of Okbay et al. (2016).

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

Comment on 'Large-Scale Cognitive GWAS Meta-Analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific Neural Expression and Potential Nootropic Drug Targets' by Lam et al.
Hill WD. Hill WD. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2018 Apr;21(2):84-88. doi: 10.1017/thg.2018.12. Epub 2018 Mar 19. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2018. PMID: 29551100
Multi-Trait Analysis of GWAS and Biological Insights Into Cognition: A Response to Hill (2018).
Lam M, Trampush JW, Yu J, Knowles E, Djurovic S, Melle I, Sundet K, Christoforou A, Reinvang I, DeRosse P, Lundervold AJ, Steen VM, Espeseth T, Räikkönen K, Widen E, Palotie A, Eriksson JG, Giegling I, Konte B, Roussos P, Giakoumaki S, Burdick KE, Payton A, Ollier W, Chiba-Falek O, Attix DK, Need AC, Cirulli ET, Voineskos AN, Stefanis NC, Avramopoulos D, Hatzimanolis A, Arking DE, Smyrnis N, Bilder RM, Freimer NA, Cannon TD, London E, Poldrack RA, Sabb FW, Congdon E, Conley ED, Scult MA, Dickinson D, Straub RE, Donohoe G, Morris D, Corvin A, Gill M, Hariri AR, Weinberger DR, Pendleton N, Bitsios P, Rujescu D, Lahti J, Hellard SL, Keller MC, Andreassen OA, Glahn DC, Malhotra AK, Lencz T. Lam M, et al. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2018 Oct;21(5):394-397. doi: 10.1017/thg.2018.46. Epub 2018 Jul 13. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2018. PMID: 30001766
A Further Comment on 'Large-Scale Cognitive GWAS Meta-Analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific Neural Expression and Potential Nootropic Drug Targets' by Lam et al.
Hill WD. Hill WD. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2018 Dec;21(6):538-545. doi: 10.1017/thg.2018.55. Epub 2018 Oct 8. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2018. PMID: 30293537 Free PMC article.

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Large-Scale Cognitive GWAS Meta-Analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific Neural Expression and Potential Nootropic Drug Targets

Affiliations

Large-Scale Cognitive GWAS Meta-Analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific Neural Expression and Potential Nootropic Drug Targets

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

Comment in

References

MeSH terms

Substances

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

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